Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to Essay

Should China be promoting big business groups Pick several groups to show why or why not, using contrasts, in the context of th - Essay Example   Smyth et al.,  2004). Within the sector of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) the development of  large scale enterprises has been progressing  (Nolan,  2001; Nolan, 2002). The policy makers in the country and the organizational leaders have made immense endeavour to nurture large  enterprise  groups. These leaders have aspired to upgrade these groups and transform  them  into  internationally  competitive  transnational  corporations (Sutherland, 2007). Such unorthodox development bore fruit and led to the outstanding growth for the country (Nolan, 2001). The China miracle: an overview China has exhibited significant growth for the last three decades, which has attracted attention of the developed countries. The tempo at which the country has transformed itself from being a peasant society to an industrial powerhouse, guarantees that the country has the potential to achieve a growth rate of several times greater than the current rate. If things continue in th is pattern, China might surpass the present advanced countries of the western world (Krugman, 1994). Economic development had been initiated in China around 30 years before and the outcome is miraculous. The GDP growth rate in China on average has reached 9.8 percent in 2010 (Lin, 2010). It has surpassed the rate foreseen by analysts in 1980s and 1980s. These reforms had been initiated by Deng Xiaoping with the goal of increasing the GDP of the Chinese economy by four times within a span of twenty years. The vision with which Xiaoping had launched this reform was to achieve a 7.2 percent annual growth rate for the economy. Since 1979, China’s economic performance has improved at a massive rate. In 1979 the country’s â€Å"trade as a percentage of GDP was only 9.5 percent† (Lin, 2010), while by 2010, China has reserved for itself the position of the highest exporting country in the world and the third largest country in terms of imports. At present the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s trade contributes approximately 70 percent of the country’s GDP. In this span of 30 years, 600 million Chinese residents have been brought out of poverty through this dazzling economic growth (Lin, 2010). The development path followed by China after the reforms of 1979 has been devised by the policy makers keeping in mind the real scenario of the country. It has therefore been possible to implement these policies successfully. While some contemporary economies had tried to bring radical changes or treat the economy with shock therapy, the effects of these changes have not been holistically beneficial for these economies. China has therefore been able to take exceptionally huge strides of performance and has moved ahead of most other developing nations of the world. This rapid growth experienced by the Chinese economy for thirty years at a stretch and the consequent sustainable improvement in the standard of living of its population of 1.3 billion has been termed by res earchers and observers as â€Å"the China Miracle† (Liming, n.d.). By avoiding radical reforms and by following a step by step process of transformation the economy has been able to bypass the negative impacts of change and avoid striking social unrest within the country. The process of China’s transition China has primarily been an agrarian society. With industrial revolution the economy faced a speedy movement away from the traditional agricultural society in which almost 85

Stereotypes in Modern World Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in Modern World Essay The stereotype that all is well at the time which exists in our society is one of the most stable. According to this stereotype, the average citizen of Kazakhstan should finish school no later than 18 years old, finish the university at least at the age of 30, to begin his own adult life and leave the parental care at somewhere about 22 years, to start a family and have children in the range of 25 to 35 years old, go to retirement at the age of 58 (women) and 63 (for men). According to this stereotype in Kazakhstan, the daughter should be married and go to live in the house of her husband at 25 years, and the eldest son must always live in his parents’ house even being married. The rest of children –daughters and sons – should also live their parents’ house and live separately. There is another old custom of giving the eldest child to parent for upbringing. But it is used less and less nowadays. Social clock is ticking all the time in collective unconscious in the subconscious of every person. Many women over 25 may have psychological complexes due to, for example, that they are still not married. Young people, not enrolled to study in high school, worry about that they will not have enough time to get higher education until they are 30. Maybe all this stereotypes have some biological reasons related with philosophy: the most optimal time for the first childbearing for women is the age before 30. After this age the childbearing can pass with some complications. Young parents have more chances to bring up their offspring and to see their grandchildren, and be involved in their education. And parents will not burden their adult children with the care of themselves (parents), when it’s a time for them (children) to make a career. In addition, they will be born healthier children. Scientists have shown that the older parents have more chances to have children born with Down syndrome. At last it is not very good to stay under the roof of paternal house, because it is fraught with possible conflicts of generations. But it also happens that people are pleased to break stereotypes. And then we find out in the news that the 80-year-old man became a student at the university; or that an elderly woman in retirement, because of her love to music, went to the music school to fulfill the dream of her lifetime –to learn to play the piano. Perhaps previously she had no time to do that, because she had to make a living and raise a family. More often modern Kazakh girls break stereotypes. They are not in hurry to get married and put it off to times up to 40 years, because they want to get married not for public opinion, but in case of real love. They know all the risks, but hope for the best, and often their expectations are met. If you want to know my opinion I would say that I’m strongly against any stereotypes imposed by social clock, and I think that everyone should tune this clock according to their own opinion and write the script of their lives themselves. Writer and philosopher Voltaire once said, â€Å"Best of all to do things, that in the opinion of others, you will never be able to do. And I absolutely agree with that!

Essay --

Abu Dhabi Police: Customer Relationship Management Abdullah Ali Mohamed K-91105597 Ahmed Abdullah Al Maysari K-81105597 â€Æ' Introduction about Abu Dhabi Police: Abu Dhabi Police is the major law enforcement agency in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi which was established on 1957. Abu Dhabi Police is mainly responsible for enforcing criminal law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping the peace throughout the Emirate. As a representative of the Ministry of Interior, and in its capacity as a global partner, the Abu Dhabi Police also works closely with local, national and international agencies to contribute to global peace and stability. Integrity, honesty and respect for human rights are the core values of the Abu Dhabi Police while the notion of public service is a central pillar in Abu Dhabi police thinking. Embraced as a legitimate partner by the community, the Abu Dhabi Police pursue efficiency and effectiveness through the use of the latest technological advancements and systems management practices. By incorporating the best of the old with the best of the new, Abu Dhabi Police has achieved the flexibility, adaptability and dur ability required to be widely regarded as one of the world's leading law enforcement agencies. Vision: To ensure continuity of Abu Dhabi emirate as community enjoys security and safety through the provision of high quality police services to citizens, residents of the emirate and its visitors. Mission: Working for a safe community, achievement of stability, reduction of crime rates. Contribution to implementation of justice in a manner that promotes the confidence of the public in police.â€Æ' The internal and external customers in Abu Dhabi police: Abu Dhabipolice externa... ...o customers are going in front of the other customers, in order to treat all the customers equally. Finally, availability of more seats in the waiting area will create a more satisfied customers, were they can be seated instead of standing in the crowded waiting area with a few seats available. Changes that can be implemented to improve the service provided by Abu Dhabi Police: Provide more smart services through the mobile, in order to complete all required services without the need to visit the service center. Continue providing training on communication skills to all the employees to maintain that the customers are satisfied while dealing with the customer’s service employees. Provide a suggestion and complains box to improve the service in Abu Dhabi police service centers in the future. References: http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/Portal/about.adp.aspx

The Return: Midnight Chapter 38

Damon had stopped and was kneeling behind an enormous broken tree branch. Stefan pul ed both girls to him and caught them so that they al three landed just behind his brother. Elena found herself staring at a very large tree trunk. Stillas big as it was, it was nowhere near as large as she had been expecting. It was true; the four of them certainly couldn't have held hands around it. But in the back of her mind had been lurking images of moons and trees and trunks that were as tal as skyscrapers, in which a star bal could be hidden on any â€Å"floor,†in any â€Å"room.† This was simply a grand oak tree trunk sitting in a sort of fairy circle – perhaps twenty feet in diameter on which no dead leaf had strayed. It was a paler color than the loam they had been running on, and even sparkled in a few places. Overal , Elena was relieved. More, she could even see the star bal . She'd feared – among other things – that it might be up too high to climb, that it might be so entangled with roots or branches that today, certainly after hundreds or even thousands of years, it would be impossible to chop out. But there it was, the greatest star bal that had ever been, ful y the size of a beach bal , and it nestled freely in the first crutch of the tree. Her mind was racing ahead. They'd done it; they'd found the star bal . But how much time would it take to get it back to where Sage was? Automatical y, she glanced at her compass and saw to her surprise that the needle now pointed southwest – in other words, back to the Gatehouse. That was a thoughtful touch of Sage's. And perhaps they didn't have to go through the trials backward; they could simply use their Master Key to go back to Fel ‘s Church, and then†¦Well, Mrs. Flowers would know what to do with it. If it came to that, maybe they could just blackmail Her, whoever She was, to go away forever in exchange for the star bal . Although – could they live with the thought that she might do this again – and again – and again to other towns? Even as she planned, Elena watched the expressions of her comrades: the childlike wonder on Bonnie's heart-shaped face; the keen assessment in Stefan's eyes; Damon's dangerous smile. They were viewing their hard-won reward, at last. But she couldn't look for too long. Things had to be done. Even as they watched, the star bal brightened, showing such bril iant, incandescent colors that Elena was half-blinded. She shielded her eyes just as she heard Bonnie inhaling sharply. â€Å"What?†Stefan asked, a hand in front of his eyes, which, of course were much more sensitive to light than human eyes. â€Å"Someone's using it right now!†Bonnie replied. â€Å"When it went bright like that, it sent out Power! A long, long way out!† â€Å"Things are heating up in what's left of poor old Fel ‘s Church,†said Damon, who was staring intently upward at the branches above him. â€Å"Don't talk about it like that!†Bonnie exclaimed. â€Å"It's our home. And now we can final y defend it!†Elena could practical y see what Bonnie was thinking: families embracing; neighbors smiling at neighbors again; the entire town working to fix the destruction. This is how great tragedies sometimes happen. People with a single goal, yet who are not in sync. Assumptions. Presumptions. And, maybe, most important of al , the failure to sit down and talk. Stefan tried, even though Elena could see that he was Stillblind from the bril iance of the star bal . He said quietly, â€Å"Let's talk this over for a while and brainstorm ways to get it – â€Å" But Bonnie was laughing at him, though not unkindly. She said, â€Å"I can get up there as fast as a squirrel. Al I need is someone strong to catch it when I knock it down. I know I can't climb down with it; I'm not that sil y. Come on, you guys, let's go!† That's how it happened. Different personalities, different modes of thinking. And one laughing, light-headed girl, who didn't have a precognition when it was needed. Elena, who was envying Meredith the fighting stave, didn't even see the beginning. She was watching Stefan, who was blinking rapidly to get his eyesight back. And Bonnie was scrambling as lightly as she had boasted, up on top of the dead tree branch that sheltered them. She even gave them a little laughing salute just before she leaped into the barren, sparkling circle around the tree. Then microseconds stretched infinitely. Elena felt her eyes slowly getting wider, even though she knew they were flying open. She saw Stefan leisurely reach across her to try to twine his fingers around Bonnie's leg, even though she knew that what she was seeing was a lightning-fast grab for the petite girl's ankle. She even heard Damon's instantaneous telepathy: No, little fool! as if he were speaking the words in his accustomed lazy tones of superiority. Then, Stillin slow motion, Bonnie's knees bent and she launched into the air above the circle. But she never touched the ground. Somehow, a black streak, stunningly fast even in the slow-motion horror film that Elena was watching, landed where Bonnie would have landed. And then Bonnie was being thrown, being hurled too fast for Elena's eyes to track, outside of the barren circle and then there was a dul thud – too fast for Elena's mind to track as being Bonnie's landing. Quite clearly, she heard Stefan cry â€Å"Damon!†in a terrible voice. And then Elena saw the thin dark objects – like curving lances – that were already shooting downward. Another thing her eyes couldn't fol ow. When her vision adjusted, she saw that they were long, curved black branches, spaced evenly around the tree like thirty spider legs, thirty long spears that were meant to either imprison someone inside them like the bars of a cel , or to – pin them into the strange sand beneath her feet. â€Å"Pin†was a good word. Elena liked the sound of it. Even as she was staring at the sharp recurved barbs on the branches, meant to keep anything caught by them held permanently in the ground, she was thinking of Damon's annoyance if a shaft had pierced his leather jacket. He would curse at them, and Bonnie would try to pretend he hadn't – and†¦ She was close enough by now to see that it wasn't as simple as that. The branch, which was proper javelin size, had gone through Damon's shoulder, which must hurt like hel , in addition to having splattered a blood drop right at the corner of his mouth. But far more annoying than that was the fact that he had closed his eyes against her. That was how Elena thought of it. He was shutting them out deliberately – maybe because he was angry; maybe because of the pain in his shoulder. But it reminded her of the steel wal feeling she'd gotten the last time she'd tried to touch his mind – and, damn, couldn't he tell he was scaring them? â€Å"Open your eyes, Damon,†she said, flushing, because that was what he wanted her to say. He real y was the greatest manipulator of al . â€Å"Open your eyes, I said!†Now she was real y irritated. â€Å"Don't play possum, because you're not fooling anyone, and we've real y had enough!†She was about to shake him hard when something lifted her into the air, into Stefan's line of vision. Stefan was in pain, but surely not as badly as Damon, so she was looking back to curse Damon when Stefan said harshly, â€Å"Elena, he can't!† For just the tiniest fleeting instant the words sounded like nonsense to her. Not only garbled, but meaningless, like saying someone couldn't stop their appendix from doing – whatever it was an appendix did. That was al the respite that she got, and then she had to deal with what her eyes were showing her. Damon wasn't pinned by his shoulder. He'd been staked, just slightly to the left of center of his torso. Exactly where his heart was. Words drifted back to her. Words that someone had once said – although she couldn't remember who right now. â€Å"You can't kill a vampire so easily. We only die if you stake us through the heart†¦.† Die? Damon die? This was some kind of mistake†¦ â€Å"Open your eyes!†Ã¢â‚¬ Elena, he can't!† But she knew, without knowing how, that Damon wasn't dead. She wasn't surprised that Stefan didn't know it; it was a hum on a private frequency between her and Damon. â€Å"Come on, hurry, give me your axe,†she said, so desperately, and with such an air of knowledge that Stefan handed it over wordlessly, and obeyed when she told him to steady the curving spider-leg branch from above and below. Then with a few quick strokes of the axe she cut through the black branch that was thick enough in circumference that she couldn't have clasped her fingers around it. It was done in a spurt of pure adrenaline, but she knew it awed Stefan and al owed him to let her continue doing it. When she was finished, she had a loose spider-leg branch that drooped back to the tree, anchored to nothing – and something that looked more like a proper stake in Damon. It wasn't until she began pul ing upward on the stake that a horrified Stefan made her stop. â€Å"Elena! Elena, I wouldn't lie to you! This is just what these branches are for. For intruders who are vampires. Look, love – see.†He was showing her another of the spider legs that was anchored in the sand, and the barbs on it. Just like the backward-facing tines of a primitive stone arrowhead. â€Å"These branches are meant to be like this,†Stefan was saying. â€Å"And if you pul ed up on it hard enough, you'd just – just end up pul ing out chunks of – his heart.† Elena froze. She wasn't sure she real y could understand the words – she couldn't al ow herself to, or she might picture it. But it didn't matter. â€Å"I'l destroy it some other way,†she said shortly, looking at Stefan but not able to see the true green of his eyes because of the olive light. â€Å"You wait. Just wait and watch. I'l find a Wings power that wil dissolve this – this – damned abomination.†She could think of many other words to cal the stake, but she had to stay in some sort of control. â€Å"Elena.†Stefan whispered her name as if he could barely get it out. Even in the twilight she could see the tears on his cheeks. He continued, nonverbal y, Elena, look at his closed eyes. This Tree is a vicious killer, with wood like nothing I've ever seen, but I've heard about it. It's†¦it's spreading. Inside him. â€Å"Inside him?†Elena repeated stupidly. Along his arteries and veins – and his nerves – everything connected to his heart. He's – oh, God, Elena, just look at his eyes! Elena looked. Stefan had knelt and gently pul ed up the lids of Damon's eyes and Elena began screaming. Deep in the fathomless pupils that had held endless night skies ful of stars, there was a glimmer – not of starlight, but of green. It seemed to glow with its own hel ish luminescence. Stefan looked at her with agony and compassion. And now, with one gentle pass, Stefan was closing those eyes – forever, she knew he was thinking. Everything had become strange and dreamlike. Nothing made sense anymore. Stefan was careful y laying Damon's head down – he was letting Damon go. Even in her fuzzy world of nonsense Elena knew she could never do that. And then, a miracle happened. Elena heard a voice in her mind that wasn't hers. All this is rather unexpected. I acted, for once, without thinking. And this is my reward. The voice was a hum on their private frequency, Damon's and hers. Elena ripped herself away from Stefan, who was trying to restrain her, and fel , grasping Damon's shoulders with her hands. I knew it! I knew you couldn't be dead! It was only then that she realized that her face was dripping wet, and she used her soft leather sleeve to wipe it. Oh, Damon, you gave me such a scare! Don't you ever, ever do that again! I think I can give my word on that, Damon sent – in different tones than his usual ones – sober but at the same time whimsical. But you have to give me something in return. Yes, of course, Elena said. Just let me get some of my hair off my neck. It worked best like this when Stefan was lying down – when we were carrying him out on his pallet from the prison – Not that, Damon told her. For once, angel, I don't want your blood. I need you to give me your most solemn word that you will try to be brave. If it helps at all, I know that females are better than males at this sort of thing. They're less cowardly at facing – what you have to face now. Elena didn't like the tone of these words. The dizziness that was making her lips numb was traveling al over her body. There was nothing to be brave about. Damon could stand pain. She would find a Wings power that would obliterate al that wood that was poisoning him. It might hurt, but it would save his life. Don't talk to me like that! she snapped harshly, before she could remember to be gentle. Everything had begun to float, and she couldn't even remember why she had to be gentle, but there was a reason. Still, it was difficult, when she was using every ounce of her concentration and strength to search for a Wings power she had never heard of. Purification? Would that take away the wood or would it just leave Damon without his wicked smile? There was no harm in trying it, anyway, and she was getting desperate – because Damon's face was so pale. But even the stance for Wings of Purification eluded her. Suddenly, a huge shudder – a convulsion – went through Damon's entire body. Elena heard broken words behind her. â€Å"Love, love – you real y have to let him go. He's living in – in intolerable pain, just because you're keeping him here,†the voice said, and it was Stefan's. Stefan, who would never lie to her. For just an instant Elena wavered, but then a blazing rage came rushing up through her body. It gave her the strength to cry hoarsely, â€Å"I†¦ won't! I won't ever let him go! Damn you, Damon, you have to fight! Let me help you! My blood – it's special. It'l give you strength. You drink it!† She fumbled for her knife. Her blood was magical. Maybe if she gave enough, it would give Damon the strength to fight off the wooden fibers that were Stillspreading through his body. Elena slashed at her throat. Maybe subconsciously she avoided doing more than nicking her carotid artery, but if so it was entirely subconsciously. She simply reached down, found a metal knife, and with one sweep set the blood to gushing out. Bright red arterial blood, that even in the semi-darkness was the color of hope. â€Å"Here, Damon. Here! Drink this. As much as you want – al you need to heal yourself.†She got into the best position that she could, hearing but not hearing Stefan's horrified gasp behind her at the recklessness of her slashing, not heeding his grip on her. But – Damon didn't drink. Not even the heady blood of his Princess of Darkness – and how did the phrase go? It was like rocket fuel compared to the gasoline found in other girls'veins. Now it just ran out of the sides of his mouth. It flowed onto his pale face, soaking his black shirt and pooling in his leather jacket. No†¦ Damon, Elena sent, please. I'm – begging you. Please. I'm begging you for me, for Elena. Please drink. We can do this – together. Damon didn't move. Blood spil ed into the mouth she'd opened and it fil ed and spil ed out again. It was as if Damon were taunting her, saying, â€Å"You wanted me to give up human blood? Well, I have – forever.† Oh, dear God, please†¦ Elena was dizzier than ever now. Outside events passed dimly around her, like an ocean that only slightly bobbed a person out deep in the swell s. She was entirely focused on Damon. But one thing she did feel. Her bravery – Damon had been wrong about that. Huge sobs were rising from somewhere deep inside her. She had made Stefan let go of her and now she couldn't hold herself up any longer. She fel right on top of her blood and Damon's body. Her cheek fel against his cheek. And his cheek was cold. Even under the blood, it was cold. Elena never knew when the hysterics began. She simply found herself shrieking and sobbing, beating on Damon's shoulders, cursing him. She had never properly cursed him before, not directly to his face. As for the shrieking, that wasn't just a sound. She was once again screaming at him to find some way to fight. And final y, she began the promises. Promises that deep in her heart, she now knew were lies. She was going to find a way to fix him in a moment. She already felt a new Wings power coming to save him. Anything so as to not face the truth. â€Å"Damon? Please?†It was an interlude in the shrieking, when she was talking softly in her new husky, hoarse voice. â€Å"Damon, just do one thing for me. Just squeeze my hand. I know you can do that. Just squeeze one of my hands.† But there was no pressure on either of her hands. Only blood that was turning sticky. And then the miracle happened and she once again heard Damon's voice – very faintly – in her head. Elena? Don't†¦cry, darling. It's not†¦as bad as Stefan said. I don't feel much of anything, except on my face. I†¦feel your tears. No more weeping†¦please, angel. Because of the miracle, Elena steadied herself. He'd cal ed Stefan â€Å"Stefan†and not â€Å"little brother.†But she had other things to think about right now. He could Stillfeel things on his face! This was important information, valuable information. Elena immediately cupped his cheeks with her hands and kissed him on the lips. I just kissed you. I'm kissing you again. Can you feel that? Forever, Elena, Damon said. I'll†¦take that with me. It's part of me now†¦do you see? Elena didn't want to see. She kissed his lips – icy cold – again. And again. She wanted to give him something else. Something good to think about. Damon, do you remember when we first met? At school, after the lights went out, when I was measuring for the Haunted House decorations. I almost let you kiss me then – before I even knew your name – when you just came drifting out of the darkness. Damon surprised her by answering immediately. Yes†¦and you†¦you astonished me by being the first girl I couldn't Influence right away. We had†¦fun together – didn't we? Some good times? We went to a party†¦and we danced together. I'll take that with me too. Through her daze, Elena had one thought. Don't confuse him anymore. They'd gone to that â€Å"party†only to save Stefan's life. She told him, We had fun. You're a good dancer. Imagine us waltzing! Damon sent slowly, fuzzily, I'm sorry†¦I've been so horrible lately. Tell†¦her that. Bonnie. Tell her†¦ Elena steadied herself. I'll tell her. I'm kissing you again. Can you feel me kissing you? It was a rhetorical question, so she got a shock, when Damon only answered slowly and sleepily. Did I†¦take a vow to tell you the truth? Yes, Elena lied instantly. She needed the truth from him. Then†¦no, to be honest†¦I can't. I don't seem to have†¦a body now. It's comfortable and warm, and nothing hurts anymore. And – I almost feel as if I'm not alone. Don't laugh. You're not alone! Oh, Damon, don't you know that? I'll never, ever let you be alone. Elena choked, wondering how to make him believe her. Just for a few more seconds†¦now. Here, she sent in a telepathic whisper, I'll give you my precious secret. I'll never tell anyone else. Do you remember the motel we stayed in on our road trip, and how everyone – even you – wondered what happened that night? A†¦motel? A road trip? He was sounding very unsure now. Oh†¦yes. I remember. And†¦the next morning – wondering. Because Shinichi took your memories, Elena said, hoping that hateful name would revivify Damon. But it didn't. Like Shinichi, Damon was done with the world now. Elena leaned her cheek against his cold and bloody one. I held you, darling, just like this – well, almost like this. All night. That was all you wanted, to not feel alone. There was a long pause and Elena began to panic in the few parts of her that were not numb or already hysterical. But then the words came slowly to her. Thank you†¦Elena. Thank you†¦for telling me your precious secret. Yes, and I'll tell you something even more precious. No one is alone. Not really. No one is ever alone. You're with me†¦so warm†¦nothing to worry about anymore†¦ Nothing more, Elena promised him. And I'll always be with you. No one is alone; I promise it. Elena†¦things are beginning to feel strange now. Not pain. But I have to tell you†¦what I know you already know†¦. How I fell in love with you†¦you'll remember, won't you? You won't forget me? Forget you? How could I ever forget you? But Damon was speaking on and suddenly Elena knew that he couldn't hear her, not even by telepathy anymore. Will you remember? For me? Just that†¦I loved once – just once, really, in my whole life. Can you remember that I loved you? That makes my life†¦worth†¦something†¦ His voice faded. Elena was so dizzy now. She knew she was Stilllosing blood fast. Too fast. Her mind was not sharp. And she was suddenly shaken by a fresh storm of sobbing. At least she would never yel again – there was no one to yel at. Damon had gone away. He had run away without her. She wanted to fol ow. Nothing was real. Didn't he understand? She could not imagine a universe, no matter how many dimensions there were, without a Damon in it. There was no world for her, if there was no Damon. He couldn't do this to her. Neither knowing nor caring what she was doing, she plunged deep, deep into Damon's mind, wielding her telepathy like a sword, slashing at the wooden connections that she found everywhere. And, at last, she found herself plunging into the very deepest part of him†¦where a little boy, the metaphor for Damon's unconscious, had once been loaded with chains and set to guard the great stone that Damon kept his feelings locked in. Oh, God, he must be so frightened, she thought. Whatever the cost, he must not be al owed to go away frightened†¦. Now she saw him. The child-Damon. As always, she could see in the sweetly rounded face, the sharp-cheekboned young man that Damon would become, in the wide black eyes, the potential for his look of fathomless darkness. But although he was not smiling, the child's look was open and welcoming, in a way that Damon's older self had never been. And the chains†¦the chains were gone. The great stone was gone too. â€Å"I knew you'd come,†the boy whispered, and Elena took him into her arms. Easy, Elena told herself. Easy. He's not real. He's what's left of Damon's mind, the deepest part of his hindbrain. But Still, he's even younger than Margaret, and he's just as soft and warm. No matter what, please God, don't let him know what's real y happening to him. But there was knowledge in the wide, dark child eyes that turned up to her face. â€Å"I'm so glad to see you,†he confided. â€Å"I thought that I might never talk to you again. And – he – you know – he left some messages with me. I don't think he could say anything more, so he sent them to me.† Elena understood. If there was anywhere the wood had not reached, it was into this last part of the brain, the most primitive part. Damon Stillcould speak to her – through this infant. But before she could speak herself, she saw that there were tears in the child's eyes and then his body spasmed and he bit his lip very hard – to keep from crying out, she guessed. â€Å"Does it hurt?†she asked, trying to believe that it didn't. Desperate to believe it. â€Å"Not so much.†But he was lying, she realized. Still, he hadn't shed any tears. He had his pride, this child-Damon. â€Å"I have a special message for you,†he said. â€Å"He told me to tel you that he'l always be with you. And that you're never alone. That no one is real y alone.†

Carib Notes

TOPIC Dancehall music STATEMENT OF PROBLEM An investigation into the impact of dancehall music on the values and attitudes of teenagers between the ages 14-18years at Manchester High School. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is dancehall music? 2. What effects does dancehall music have on the attitudes and values of youth at Manchester High School? 3. Where dancehall music has a negative effect on the attitudes and values of teenagers, what measures can be implemented to alleviate this problem? 1) Male Female 2) Age: 13- 15 16- 18 19- 21 22- 24 25- 27 28- 30 3) Do you listen to dancehall music?YES NO 4) Which of the following options best describes your reason for listening to dancehall I enjoy it The music speaks about reality I don’t know I grew up hearing it Other ________________________________________†¦ 5) How often do you listen to dancehall music? ________________________________________†¦Ã‚   6) Who is your favourite dancehall artist _______________________________ _________†¦ 7) What is your favourite dancehall song ________________________________________†¦ 8) Do you have a job? YES NO 9) How would you describe your performance in school?Excellent Good Average Fair Satisfactory Unsatisfactory 10) Are you sexually active? YES NO 11) Do you believe that sexual content of some dancehall songs influence your sexuality   Agree Strongly agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 12) What do you think about homosexuality ________________________________________†¦ 13) Do you think that Dancehall music perpetuates crime and violence within the Jamaican society? YES NO   14) Do you believe that most dancehall songs degrade women? YES NO   15) Do you believe that dancehall music strongly impacts your view of gender roles within the society? YES NO 16)

Japanese American Relocation essays

Japanese American Relocation essays On December 7, 1941, the Japanese made a surprise attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor. (Fremon 6) Right after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war against Japan. (Fremon 7) On February 19, 1942, as the U.S. fought the war they decided to issue Executive Order 9066. This order gave the military authority to exclude any or all Japanese-Americas from designated area, including the California coast. (Fremon 31) Racist attacks on the Japanese-Americans began escalating and the hated Japanese-Americans were hurriedly moved to the relocation camps the American government had prepared for them. Was this decision made by the American government justifiable? The action to intern all Japanese-Americans was morally and legally wrong. On one hand, it could be argued that the U.S. governments decision to place Japanese- Americans in relocation camps was justifiable given the atmosphere of public hysteria. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor was a cruel one and the vast majority of the American public was angry. In addition, there was a possibility that there were spies and traitors who were working for Japan among the Japanese-Americans living in the U.S. Despite all these factors that might make the internment of the Japanese-Americans justifiable, I can argue against this idea. The action of actually evicting and moving the Japanese-Americans was a morally and constitutionally wrong decision made by the United States because it inevitably raised extremely grave questions as to the consistency of such a program with the requirements and prohibitions of the federal constitution. The fact that two-thirds of the evacuees were citizens of the Un ited States by birth sharpened these very grave issues. (War Relocation Authority) I would like to illustrate in this report that treating citizens of the United States as not loyal based on their e...

Bangladesh Police Institution

Bangladesh Police Institution Sustainable democracy offers a practical sketch map for intellectual development and political maturity. Besides, sustainable democracy ensures reliable governance and democratic issue base confrontation of challenges affecting the citizens from insecurity, social justice, and respect of human rights.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Bangladesh Police Institution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reflectively, sustainable democracy as a concept of institutional approach in reforms, offers a solution based management of government institutions. The government of Bangladesh remains a struggling state in sustainable democracy due to failed institutional approach to offering alternative solutions to its dwindling democratic space, despite having begun as a democratic state in 1971. Among the key institutions responsible for promoting democracy include the police, political party management, and the media (Przeworski 23). This paper will concentrate on the police institution reform in order to make the police institution free of corruption, compromise, and injustices to the citizens. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly identify issues within the policing institution of Bangladesh that directly and indirectly affect sustainable democratization of the administrative and social system of the Bangladesh state. Besides, the paper explore the current positon of police institution in promoting justice, maintaining law and order and promoting social cohesion through constructive interventionist approach to democratization and freedom of expression, association, and right to justice. In addition, the treatise reveals relevant recommendations on an alternative approach in reform agenda in the policing institution. The national Bangladesh police have its head quarter in Dhaka and are accountable to the government regime in power. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) oversees and controls appoin tments, police budget, and transfer of officers. The police institution is divided into the Special Branch (SB), the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) mandated with the responsibility of promoting order, detecting, and investigating crimes within the borders of Bangladesh. The police institution in Bangladesh is mandated by the constitution to protect basic human rights through maintaining and enforcing law and order.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The police force comprises of about 123,197 trained officers distributed across the state of Bangladesh against the civilian population 153 million. Therefore, every police officer is supposed to serve 1,200 people at any given time. Reflectively, â€Å"There is a shortage of police here; it’s an ongoing crisis. How can we be expected to tackle crime when there are more crimin als than police? A criminal can walk freely because he knows that we don’t have the manpower to arrest him† (International Crisis Group 18). This is almost three times higher than the recommended ratio by the United Nations at 1:450. As part of the larger Judicial system, Police institution is at the bottom line in making arrests, organizing prosecution charges, and assisting the judicial panel in justice delivery. Besides, the Police institution is in the forefront in promoting cohesion through public relations exercise which promises confidentiality and non-victimization (Przeworski 38). However, this is not the case in Bangladesh policing institution. Historically, the tumultuous occurrences since the independence of Bangladesh indicate that its policing institution has remained a puppet for the political class and wealthy elites in the society. Despite being at the baseline of democratization, due to the fact that the institution directly interacts with the public, series of human rights compromises have been noted especially in the last one decade. Instead of promoting freedom of speech and protecting citizens attending rallies across political parties, this institution is often inclined to a particular political activism side. According to the International Crisis Group (2009) report: After decades of misuse and neglect, Bangladesh’s police are a source of instability and fear rather than a key component of a democratic society. Human rights abuses are endemic and almost all Bangladeshis who interact with the police complain of corruption. With an elected government in place again, there are now opportunities to reform this dysfunctional force. But there are also significant obstacles. If the government fails to move beyond the current modest reform process, the democratic transition could falter should deteriorating security give the military another chance to intervene, using, as it has in the past, the pretext of upholding law and order to justify derailing democracy. (International Crisis Group 3)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Bangladesh Police Institution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policing institution of Bangladesh is known for an excellent reputation on corruption, excessive use of force and brutality in making arrests and displacing peaceful protests, and incompetence. Despite the fact that the previous regimes are aware and have acknowledged the many fundamental flaws, none has put the need for police reforms within their policy and democratic manifesto. â€Å"Whether the necessity has been fighting crime or tackling terrorists, successive administrations have relied on half measures and quick fixes usually involving the military rather than reforming the police as a long-term solution† (â€Å"Freedom House: Civil Liabilities in Bangladesh† par. 7). Ironically, it is unfortunate that most international donors who are out to please the political regime of the day. In some cases, the international donors have been accused of undertaking the short sighted measures that only serve to prolong interests of the regime in power. Despite serious cries for reform in the policing institution, the short sighted measures often succeed in suppressing the outcry while at the same time promote culture of impunity by increased crime rates. Due to the inefficiencies in the police unit, military personnel have used the same as excuse to have more influence and control of civilian affairs as evident in the military coup of January 2007 supposedly inspired by police inefficiency to protect the public. Though the current Awami League government had incorporated police reforms as one of the immediate agenda in their manifesto, the same government lacks good will and interest on the reforming this institution. As a matter of fact, â€Å"it has shown no interest in repealing or amending the current police law, the Police Act of 1861, a colonial-era legal hangover designed primarily to keep imperial India’s subjects in line† (Uddin 32). Actually, the law of Bangladesh gives the government regime of the day full control mandate over the police who are often used by the government of the day to suppress and control the opposition instead of independent service to all citizens. For instance, Prime Minister Sheik Hasina’s administration adopted same tactics of her predecessors to pocket the policing institution for her personal disposal on ‘errant’ opposition and protesting civilians.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Even if the prime minister and her administration were to change tack, any move to insulate the force from politicization and increase accountability would be met with strong opposition from the bureaucracy and the business community, both of which have a history of exploiting weaknesses in the police organization† (Uddin 29). Reflectively, the most powerful and those in a position to reform the policing institution are often reluctant due to external forces and personal interests which are placed above the national interests. These powerful political and business actors continue to thrive in impunity and selfishness since the current policing institution lacks structures to function independently in service delivery. Moreover, the current regime is very reluctant to UNDP sponsored development program aimed at promoting democracy through the Police Reform Program (PRR). Ironically, the retired and serving senior policemen in Bangladesh policing institution are against t he program claiming that it lacks the comprehensiveness in implementation despite the fact that they are aware of underlying issues that has stagnated the police force. In a surprising move, nearly all the retired senior police officers â€Å"suggest that the PRP is not aimed at transforming the police into a modern, disciplined force able to serve and protect citizens, but is rather a costly– and questionably effective – set of administrative modifications† (Uddin 34). Democratization process is often expensive and requires support from all players in order to assert a long lasting solution. Despite the support from the neighboring country; India, lack of good will from the current regime has almost stalled the reforms agenda in the police institution. Unfortunately, the police force remains unaccountable and incompetent. This has created a comfortable breeding ground for extremist groups to propel their interest of threatening stability with an excuse of liber ating the citizens of Bangladesh. Besides, should this happen, this small state would suffer from a state of resilience characterized by high magnitudes of corruption scandals, insecurity, and complete abandonment of the democratic gains into another undemocratic military rule. Lack of democracy will in turn result in deterioration of other support institutions mandated with economic planning, globalization, and healthcare since funds meant for these sectors may be swindled and channeled to non prioritized spending. At present, a comprehensive reform in the Bangladesh police force seems dim and unrealistic. This is due to the fact that the current laws operate on the oppressive 1967 bill on police responsibility and limits which merely was developed to protect the royal regime of the era. There is no law to provide legal direction on crucial reforms in government institutions. Besides, the stopgap and remedial measures proposed by the UNDP are inadequate and non inclusive in the fig ht for democratization and reform of the police institution to operate independently and fairly to the citizens of Bangladesh. â€Å"Without a law enshrining democratic principles of policing, many of the modest improvements made over the past two years to the police organization are subject to reversal†( International Crisis Group 3). Reforms in the policing institution of Bangladesh are crucial for short term and long term social, security, economic, and democratic development. Since the current police force has suffered public distrust due to series of accusations on police extortion, brutality, and participant approach in serving the citizens, the reform agenda should reflect the will of the people and promote democratic space. The police have dismally failed in their duty as defined by the constitution to maintain law and order. Unfortunately, this situation has made some individuals or communities â€Å"to take the law into their own hands and will drive disenfranchise d individuals and groups to join anti-government elements† (International Crisis Group 6). Recommended Reforms In order to promote morale and better working conditions in the police force, it is important to increase their salary and improve their housing. Due to dismal wages paid to them by the public service, most officers has little option apart from engaging in other activities such as corruption to cover financial short fall. For instance â€Å"the monthly pay and allowances of the IGP, the highest ranking in the force, amounts to Tk23,000 ($333); at the very bottom of the pay scale, the monthly salary of a police constable is only Tk5,410 ($78.50)† (International Crisis Group 4). Therefore, most officers have to serve under depressive conditions with minimal financial reward. This paints an abysmal picture and drive down police moral. As a result, they easily become a pray for the rich business men and politicians who pay ‘special fees’ for protection of their illegal activities and suppressing opponents. Bureaucratic and political interference remain the highest efficiency impediment in the police reform agenda. Political interference result into atrocities such as illegal detention, torture, death in custody, and large scale corruption. This results in universal disdain by the public who may become unresponsive and politicize every unfortunate incident as a reflection of the desire of a social clique who can afford to ‘pocket’ police officers. According to Transparency International, â€Å"96.6 per cent of Bangladesh’s households that interacted with law enforcement agencies experienced some form of corruption. Roughly 65 per cent of households paid an average of Tk3, 940 ($57) in bribes over a one year period to police officers for various services† (â€Å"Freedom House: Civil Liabilities in Bangladesh† par. 5). Therefore, the parliament should amend the 1967 policing bill to institutionalize payments that are to be made in police stations. Besides, an independent watch dog should be incorporated besides the police institution to monitor and investigate claims of corruption by the public. Administration capacity and bureaucratic tendencies define success of reform in the police force. It is not only necessary, by very agent to overhaul the current administrative authority in the police institution which mainly consist of sympathizers of the current regime and those strategically placed in higher offices to defend individual interest. In a large scale scrutiny of the current police head, the independent police reforms commission will be in a position to eliminate potential status quo supporters and replace them with more qualified, experienced, and better paid officers. Besides, the police reform agenda should recommend the transformation and rebranding the police force to win confidence of the citizens of Bangladesh. Besides, the new post reforms police force should org anize series of public meeting and interactive forums to help foster unity of purpose and affirm the spirit of secrecy to whistle blowers and those who offer information on corruption cases, abuse of office, and unethical political plans. Conclusively, sustainable democratization is achievable when issues such as corruption, unaccountability, insecurity, unfairness, and abuse of human rights are controlled. Police force is a very important democratization institution in Bangladesh. This is due to the fact that policemen have daily and direct contact with the citizens. Incidences of politicization of government institutions such as the police have seriously reverse gains made on democracy in Bangladesh. Since the police force is answerable the government regime of the day, the current policing institution of Bangladesh has become a political tool for suppressing democracy through torture of the opposition adherents, massive corruption, unaccountability, and protection of certain clas s form prosecution. The reform agenda to reverse these challenges lie in transforming the current policing institution into an independent entity with better housing, salaries, training, and support from the public. Freedom House: Civil Liabilities in Bangladesh 2012. Web. https://freedomhouse.org/ International Crisis Group 2009. Bangladesh: Getting Police Reform on Track. PDF file. 10 April. 2012. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/bangladesh-getting-police-reform-track Przeworski, Adam. Sustainable Democracy. London: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. Uddin, Gias. The Politics of Police Reform in Bangladesh. Saarbrà ¼cken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011. Print.

How to Write a Term Paper

How to Write a Term Paper How to Write a Term Paper How to Write a Term Paper While writing a term paper, you must be specific about your topic, know what you want to say, and say it effectively. Despite of the required format, APA style term paper for example, you need to choose the term paper topic which is interesting and relevant to the course. Make sure there is enough information on the topic, otherwise, you will not be able to support your ideas. If your term paper topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. The term paper on terrorism is too broad because there are so many facets of the topic.   What to do?   You need to narrow your topic to specific question.   For example, write about the different types of terrorism or review terrorism related legislation changes after September 11. Term Paper on Terrorism Term paper writing should follow the academic format.   In the introductory paragraph of the term paper you should give a definition of the term terrorism. Terrorism in the modern sense is violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians for political or other ideological goals.  Most definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear or "terror", are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians.   Then give general information about the terrorism. For example, September 11, 2001 - a day that shocked the entire world. For many people all over the globe this day will be remembered as one of the most terrible and unbelievable days ever, even if they were not directly involved. The attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, on the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and the crash of an airplane in Somerset Country near Pittsburgh not just killed m ore than 3,056 people and damaged or destroyed more than 30 buildings. There were far reaching consequences. In addition, you should include a clear thesis statement in the introductory part of your term paper.   Usually, thesis statement is the last sentence of opening paragraph.   The body section of your term paper should be devoted to the development of the thesis, support of your ideas, and numerous examples.   Each idea should start with the new paragraph and there should be transitional sentences between each paragraph.   Writing a term paper is not easy, however, it is so interesting to read numerous articles and enrich your knowledge on specific topic! Custom Written Term Paper Despite of the topic complexity and deadline pressure, we are able to provide you with custom written term paper!   We have built a team of professional writers who are ready to help you with term paper writing at any time of day and night!   provides free plagiarism report to prove the originality and authenticity of your term paper.   You, as our client, can request unlimited number of revisions and claim full refund if completed essay was not delivered within the specified deadline.

Comparative Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Politics - Research Paper Example Democracy can be perceived as equality and liberty. A democratic nation is liberal thereby allowing its citizens to have the power to rule it, to be equal before the law and have equal access to the law. Elections are periodically held to choose representatives for the governmental body that will exercise its supreme power. The distinctive principles of democracy include freedom of speech, press and political expression. Sovereignty, on the other hand, refers to a body that has independent power over people. A sovereign state can be regarded as having absolute authority of lawmaking (Almond et al. 101-120). Russia for a long time had been ruled by the Soviet Union using communism which attained its downfall in 1991. Thereafter, the United Russia party led by Russian Executive President Vladimir Putin introduced sovereign democracy in the Russian regime. However, the "sovereign democracy" practiced in Russian does not emanate democratic principles, a fact that has placed Vladimir Putin's political program under constant criticism (Almond et al. 355). According to Economist Intelligent Unit, the United Russian presidential political party aims at increasing its power of the international exchange system. The party intends to strengthen its powers to control the economic, political and administrative structure. The Russian doctrine of "sovereign democracy" emanates principles that are in contrast with democratic principles such as restrictions in the mass media and citizen's freedom (Almond et al. 356). The Russian democracy can, therefore, be viewed as managed democracy because the Russian political system is strictly supervised and regulated thereby denying Russian citizens freedom of expressing their political will. Although this fact is highly denied by the Russian authority for instance Vladislav Surkov who is the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Executive Office and advisor of the president as he provides analytical and organizational information which is crucial to the president insists that the Russian political system is governed by sovereign democracy (Almond et al. 356). According to the Russian doctrine of Sovereign democracy, no one can make attest to owning or having power over the Russian nation as explained in the Russian constitution. However, critically looking at the idea imposed by the Russian constitution the concept behind sovereign democracy can be viewed as nationalism. Russia perceives its state to be more superior than other states, therefore, it is ready to impose radical political force over other states if it senses any signs of threat. This means that Russia is a powerful nation which is not ready to be influenced by global monopolies or dictatorship (Almond et al. 362-370).Therefore, Russia can be perceived as indirectly opposing worldwide globalization which is encouraged by the western countries especially the United States. However, according to Surkov, the doctrine of Russian sovereign democracy aims at first prioritizing the interests of the country. This can be depicted in the economic, social and cultural success that the country has gained in global politics. Russia has managed to restore its governance in the Chechen Republic.

How does my school compare with other schools in the U.S Essay

How does my school compare with other schools in the U.S - Essay Example In some respects there are some schools like the universities who have access to technology but there are many websites that they block. According to Hermida the ones that are blocked have to do with sexually explicit content, womens history, religious sites, drugs and pop culture (Hermida, 2003). These sites are basically blocked because the government does not want Saudi people getting ideas that may mean they go against their religion. This is very different from U.S. education because in the U.S. there are some things that are blocked by education like pornography sites but for the most part students have access to many things that will enhance their learning. According to the Saudi government the reason why these sites are blocked is because they want to preserve their customs and their religion. When they block a site it makes sure that their people will remain loyal to their religion. This is very important on Saudi Arabia (Hermida). There is a question about the technology situation. It is one thing to have technology but if it is censored it seems that this defeats the purpose. In the U.S. students can find out about people and situations that are different from their own. In Saudi Arabia they cannot. This may mean that the Saudi children do not receive the same type of education as those in the U.S. because they lack the flexibility of the Internet. When someone takes an engineering course or something to do with business they are able to use the full technology in that area. This means that it will be offered to men more than it will be offered to women. It seems that the Saudis know that men will need to have a better understanding of the Internet because they will be doing business on a global basis. It is important to keep in mind that the goal of education in Saudi Arabia is very different than the goal of the U.S. In the U.S. people go for education because they want to advance their career or

Human Rights (answer question) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights (answer question) - Essay Example Bartolome presented a case that was meant to convince the Spanish authorities to permit him to try saving the remaining few Caribbean natives. This was achieved by an attempt to take them out of slavery and put them in sovereign towns (McGowen 260). Bartolome was greatly convinced that the slaughter and enslavement of the native populace was not only seen as a crime as defined by the church, but it was also a mortal sin. He often accompanied Ovando the Governor in his military trips and on one the trips he witnessed how the poor natives were being massacred. He also saw the appalling conditions the natives were kept. Bartolome asked for and managed to be given a section of Venezuelan main land for experiment which he wanted to demonstrated his believe on the issue that he was capable to appease the natives using religion and not weapons as it was the believe of Spanish (Sen 450) Question 2: Broader Implications of this finding Over many decades Bartolome incessantly propagated an ide ological ground that Indians held the right to their land and that the papal funding to Spain were meant for the soul conversion and not allocation of resources. Rising into a politically perceptive activist, Bartolome was in a position to influence a positive change including indemnifying the diplomatic entry into Guatemala by the Dominican Friars. He was thereafter, in 1544 named as Chiapas Bishop in Guatemala to be able to enforce the Emperor Charles New Laws that outlawed slavery and restricted the Indian ownership to a single generation (McGowen 265). This resulted to settlers objecting to the limits put in place and refused to follow the lead of the new Bishop. Casas was later forced to return to Spain because of his resistance to new laws by encomenderos and the conflict he faced with the Spanish settlers due to his pro Indian strategies and his activists religious positions. The work of Bartolome has been greatly uploaded by the advocates of human rights. He spent much of hi s remaining time in the Spanish courts where he had an enormous pressure over the Indians associated concerns. Bartolome took part in Valladolid debate where Juan Gines argued that Indians were less compared to human and therefore, needed the Spanish masters in order to make them civilized. On the other hand, Bartolome maintained his stand that Indies were completely human and that vanquishing them forcefully was unjustifiable. Casas was in the front line championing the Mexico and the Central American Indians, disagreeing with a held belief that Indians were beast the reason as to why they were enslaved. In his defense for the native Indian people, he held far-reaching implications for the strategies taken on by both the church and the Spanish Crown towards the state of slavery. This cautiously, but in an emotional manner changed the defense addresses concerns that included relationships between the differing cultures and races, the perception of colonialism and the notion of a jus t war (Sen 455). Question 3 Arendt was an academic Jewish who had fled from Germany to France and arrived in States in 1941 accompanied by his husband and her mother with illegal visas that they were given by Hiram, a US diplomat. Making an assumption of a society such as Germany’s Weimar republic , the united states or the France third

Management research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Management research - Essay Example This makes it possible to understand the various concepts discussed in the paper. It is possible to distinguish between the different concepts, making the paper easily understood. The topic too is appealing to me as party of the audience. It is easily to relate the topic to general issues affecting people, regardless of the organizations or social groupings, they are in. whether in a critical review exercise or general reading, a journal or any paper needs to have good structure, should captivate the reader through the topic selected for study and have a good flow of ideas. This journal article has all these characteristics, thus appealing to me. A number of elements make the project good. The language chosen for instance, easy to understand, with no grammar errors makes it interesting and good. The author makes use of deep research and clarity in explaining the ideas in the project. Although he does not economize on the use of words, he neither uses too many words in the explanations. This makes it an interesting project to read. Additionally, the depth of the research also makes the paper look good. Since the project focuses on a particular concept, the length is enough to cover the entire concepts in depth and to satisfaction. Max Sully, et al. "Contextual Performance And The Job Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction Distinction: Examining Artifacts And Utility."Human Performance  22.3 (2009): 246-272.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. There are a number of things I do not like about the project. The structure of the paper is one of these elements. The structure does not have any appealing power whatsoever to the reader. It looks clumsy and rather unplanned, just from the look of it. The lack of subtopics on the project, and their incorporation only in those areas they appear rather necessary makes it boring to the audience. Some of the concepts appear clumped together, despite being separated by

Use an example of your choice to discuss how corporate restructuring Essay - 3

Use an example of your choice to discuss how corporate restructuring transformed market, productive and financial performance - Essay Example The terms of the agreement are that Nokia will essentially transfer the whole of its Devices and Services business, which is the business division that makes Nokias cellular handsets, including all of the manufacturing facilities and more than 32,000 employees. This division is responsible for half of the total revenues of Nokia in 2012, and includes about 4,700 personnel who are based in Finland. That said, the deal does not include the portfolio of patents that Nokia has, which in essence will remain with Nokia, along with the Chief Office of Technology. This deal was approved by shareholders of Nokia in late 2013, and is touted by its leaders as the best alternative for the maximization of the value of the shareholders (Nokia 2013; Stoll 2014; Ricknas 2014; Microsoft 2013; Ando and Rigby 2013; Garside 2013; Shankland 2013; Easa 2014). The deal also includes the licensing of all of Nokias portfolio of patents in Nokias portfolio for a span of 10 years, but this will not be exclusive, meaning that Nokia reserves the right to license its patents to other parties, and to make use of the patents for its own product development and related business purposes. A substantial portion of the sale price, 1.65 billion euros, is for this patent deal, to which Microsoft has the option to extend after the decade-long agreement expires, and that extension privilege is indefinite in its extent in time. Part of the deal also licenses Nokias mapping platform HERE to Microsoft, over a period of four years, and this part of the deal is expected to generate revenues for Nokia equal to the amount of revenues that HERE generates within Nokia (Nokia 2013; Stoll 2014; Ricknas 2014; Microsoft 2013; Ando and Rigby 2013). The deal transforms Nokia into a company that was in financial trouble from the losses in its devices unit into a powerhouse of important patents in the telecoms space, as well as an important provider of telecommunications infrastructure in Nokia

Management research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Management research - Essay Example This makes it possible to understand the various concepts discussed in the paper. It is possible to distinguish between the different concepts, making the paper easily understood. The topic too is appealing to me as party of the audience. It is easily to relate the topic to general issues affecting people, regardless of the organizations or social groupings, they are in. whether in a critical review exercise or general reading, a journal or any paper needs to have good structure, should captivate the reader through the topic selected for study and have a good flow of ideas. This journal article has all these characteristics, thus appealing to me. A number of elements make the project good. The language chosen for instance, easy to understand, with no grammar errors makes it interesting and good. The author makes use of deep research and clarity in explaining the ideas in the project. Although he does not economize on the use of words, he neither uses too many words in the explanations. This makes it an interesting project to read. Additionally, the depth of the research also makes the paper look good. Since the project focuses on a particular concept, the length is enough to cover the entire concepts in depth and to satisfaction. Max Sully, et al. "Contextual Performance And The Job Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction Distinction: Examining Artifacts And Utility."Human Performance  22.3 (2009): 246-272.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. There are a number of things I do not like about the project. The structure of the paper is one of these elements. The structure does not have any appealing power whatsoever to the reader. It looks clumsy and rather unplanned, just from the look of it. The lack of subtopics on the project, and their incorporation only in those areas they appear rather necessary makes it boring to the audience. Some of the concepts appear clumped together, despite being separated by

Proposal on Higher Education in Qatar Research Paper

Proposal on Higher Education in Qatar - Research Paper Example 1. Introduction Satellite campuses are normally planned to facilitate those who cannot visit the main campus because of the distance. Programs offered at these campuses offer access to higher education for learners who cannot go to traditional campus because of the travel time. It as well offers a cost-effective way to for students within nearby regions (Rovai et al, 2008). Satellite campuses in Qatar are developed to facilitate learners who cannot travel a long way from home for their education due to personal responsibilities, monetary restraints, and / or other issues. The accessibility of such campuses also boost higher schooling enrollment by non-conventional learners (Mohamed, 2005). Qatar foundation has adopted electronic communications technology to ease the functions of satellite campuses. Classes carried out in main campus can be broadcasted to other places by means of distance education, students in satellite campuses can browse library materials on the main campus by elec tronic means, and technology permits the institution to manage registration, enrollments, and monetary assistance dealings distantly. 1.1 Background and Significance Satellite campuses give a chance to learners to continue higher studies without the need of traveling far from their residences. They have been developed to offer financial incentive to a depressed region, and have provided access to students who would â€Å"otherwise not have had a university option† (Simonson et al, 2011). These learners are also from lesser financial status, maybe educationally underprivileged. They are no less worthy for a good quality learning experience than their associate students in city or main provincial campuses, where ‘economies of scale’ are feasible, amenities are well recognized and workforce is additionally skilled. Flexible deliverance via contemporary interactions in addition to information technology can productively sustain small and distant satellite campuses. 1 .2 Research Statement ‘To investigate Qatari students' preferences toward different higher education systems in Qatar’ 1.3 Research Questions 1. Why did students opt for satellite campus instead traditional campus? 2. Were the learning outcomes (assessed by grades and perceived level of learning) are different for satellite campus and traditional campus? 3. What is the perception of students about quality of education in satellite campus versus traditional campus? 2. Literature Review It has been the policy of Qatar Government during recent times to raise admission to higher education. Total numbers have increased; and a bigger percentage of school dropouts have taken admission again. There have been courses to aim at and support recognized justice groups. There have been actions taken to assess the access, involvement, achievement and maintenance of these factions of students in every higher education institute. When the expressions ‘flexible delivery’ as well as ‘flexible education’ initially linked with admired educational jargon, â€Å"they meant little more to many people than paper-based distance learning, like the correspondence courses which had been around for some decades, and the way many students had already earned their degrees†

Alfred Lord Tennyson - The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essay Example for Free

Alfred Lord Tennyson The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essay Discuss the poets different attitudes to war, as presented in The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure A more experienced poet known as Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the Charge Of The Light Brigade. He was born in 1809 and died of old age in 1892. He wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade in response to a Newspaper Report from the Times, which was written by W.H.Russel, so his understanding of the war was from second hand knowledge, he was removed from the action. Unlike Wilfred Owen, who wrote Exposure. Owen was born in 1893 and died at a very young age in 1918. The reason for his young death was, he was a participant in the war and died during battle, so his was writing from his own experiences. Although Owen was a less experienced writer, his poems only really became known after his death, as he had a less authorative voice. The main similarities between the two poems is that they are both writing about wars, however both wars are from a different time and so are fought in completely different ways. Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade about the Crimean war, which was originally between France and Russia but Britain joined because she worried about her security. The Crimean war was fought on horseback, which meant that it would be over fairly quickly. I think this because it would have been one charge, this battle would then have gone on until all the soldiers in one side were injured or dead. He was very far removed from the action, as he didnt even witness the war, so his poem written is third hand. Where as Owen wrote Exposure from first hand experience. For these reasons I may be able to place more value on Wilfred Owens poem. The First World War was fought over several years and the soldiers spent a lot of that time in trenches. The mood, tone and language in each poem are completely different from the other. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the mood is very light and gives the feeling that all the soldiers, were excited about what they were doing. This is helped by the fact that Tennyson doesnt go into the atrocities of the war, instead writing of When horse and hero fell. Here he is basically saying that they have been shot down, but the way Tennyson puts it, its like its not that dramatic, when it is. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade it doesnt really distinguish those soldiers that died in battle and those that lived, Then they rode back, but not the six hundred. This is what I think plays a big part in making the mood of the poem so light, as it avoids death, which is upsetting. Where as in Exposure the mood is very depressing and dismal as Owen is constantly saying how the soldiers were being attacked in different ways. He mentions the weather attacking them, which can be seen from in the merciless iced winds that knive us. As well as things like the barbed wire in front of the enemies trenches, Like twitching agonies of men amongst its brambles. However the poem doesnt mention soldiers attacking them, which may indicate that the weather and other things were more threatening and chilling, then the enemy. In Exposure Owen speaks of the soldiers pain and this is what I think makes the poem so disheartening to read, because he is trying to show how war causes suffering and reduces the soldiers. Unlike Tennyson who is trying to honour and glorify the soldiers and so making the poem seem more pleasant. However in some ways the poems are similar as the language used indicates that poets generalise and universalise all the men in the war. The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a lot more structured then Exposure. This is because in Tennysons poem he talks about the different stages of the battle, where as Owen doesnt really mention battle, its more about the soldiers suffering. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson goes through each stage of the battle, within each individual stanza. So in the first stanza the soldiers have been ordered to start their charge. The second stanza is quite an important part of the poem, as we discover that the soldiers had been given the wrong order. However because they are so disciplined and loyal to their country, no one questions it. Tennyson is trying to glorify and honour the soldiers so he simply says, Not though soldiers knew, someone had blundered. In the third stanza the soldiers are in range of the enemys guns and in stanza four, the soldiers are forced to turn back because so many men have been killed. Even though at this point the British soldiers are being defeated Tennyson emphasises their bravery. That takes the readers attention off the fact that they are losing so badly. An example of this is, Sabring the gunners there. The word sabring has been used very cleverly as it gives the reader the impression that the British soldiers were hacking away at the Russians, because Tennyson was writing the poem to honour The Light Brigade. In stanza five the British soldiers are still not out of danger despite turning back, as more Russians have come in behind them, so even more soldiers get killed. Stanza six is simply Tennyson reflecting on their bravery. In Exposure there isnt such an obvious structure. In stanza one Owen talks about the soldiers being attacked by the weather and in stanza two they are being attacked by the enemys barbed wire and it goes on like this. The weather is continually being described in different ways, one very effective way is when Owen uses alliteration, Dawn massing in the East her melancholy army. There is no real progression to the poem because it mirrors what is going on in the war, as they are stuck in trenches. The rhythm in each poem is completely different form the other. The Charge Of The Light Brigade has a very lively and energetic feel to it, this is due to its incredibly fast pace. In contrast Exposure has a very slow rhythm like the progress of the war. However in the third stanza there is a change in pace and it picks up just a little bit. This is due to the rhythm sounding like the bullets being described in the stanza, Sudden successive bullets streak the silence like the shells being shot in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. But the pace returns to its gloomy rhythm in the next stanza. In The charge Of The Light Brigade the rhythm of the poem sounds very much like the rhythm the galloping horses would make, this can be seen from Half a league, half a league onward, all in the valley of death rode the six hundred. I also think that the discipline of the British soldiers shows in the discipline of the rhythm. Each poem gives a completely different image of war, because they were written for different purposes and from different points of view. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson uses a lot of similes and metaphors to create tension in the poem. He also uses similes to give the reader a better image of the battle and to show how heroic the soldiers were. Where as in Exposure Owen uses similes and metaphors to show how much the soldiers around him have been reduced, and the only thing they have to keep them going is happy memories. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the first noticeable and most repeated image is All in the valley of death. I think that Tennyson choose to describe the charge like this because death is a very moving word. The word all unites the soldiers and due to the image of the extreme danger, given by the word death, shows the soldiers bravery, it also gives the idea of a big sacrifice. Not only do we get the feeling of danger, but Tennyson also discreetly describes sounds, through the use of onomatopoeia, Volleyed and thundered. I think that this is really clever, as it adds realism to the poem. When Tennyson uses alliteration, the words he uses sound like the hissing of the artillery on the battlefield. An example of this is Stormed at with shot and shell. Tennyson uses euphemism to describe the British soldiers killing the enemy; he uses words like flashed and sabring. The British soldiers are basically killing people, but the way Tennyson describes it, its as if they are doing it elegantly and almost gracefully. All of these images give the main picture that the war was glorious. The reason we get this image of the war is because Tennyson hides the realities behind euphemism, unlike Owen who shows the war for what it really is. Right from the first word our we immediately know that it has been written from the point of view of the narrator. Owen gives a very chilling image to the war because he has experienced it, he can say what he has seen and felt. The use of personification shows how the soldiers looked on the outside: Attacks once more in ranks, on ranks of shivering grey. Here Owen is talking about the weather attacking the soldiers, because the soldiers looked so grey and dull. Owen also adds shivering to the sentence, which could show that not only were they shivering because they were cold, but because they feel cold in their hearts like theyve been forgotten. Owen uses alliteration to emphasise that the men have no luxuries, unlike Tennyson who used alliteration to show the excitement of the war. In Exposure the uses of alliteration gives the reader the image that its as if the weather is trying to find them to put them through more distress, this can be seen from Pale flakes with fingering stealth come feeling for our faces. However I think Owen saves the most moving image for the end, unlike Tennyson who reflects on the heroism of the men during the battle, Owen shows just how terrible it is. In the final stanza Owen creates a very strong image, Pause over half-known faces. All their eyes are iced. To begin with it seems as though Owen is talking about the dead soldiers eyes being iced, because they are dead, but he is also talking about all the soldiers who are still alive and have to look at them. Owen is saying that in order to cope with what the soldiers have to face out in the trenches their eyes have also iced over, as they have no feeling any more. In Exposure we get the impression that it is probably easier to be dead, as you have gone to a better place and the pain and suffering stops, as soon as your spirit leaves your body. When I read Charge Of The Light Brigade I didnt feel very much inside, because the images that were given through the use of personification and other things were glorious. In Exposure the image seemed very real, because the poet was really writing from the heart and it made me feel quiet and lonely inside. Exposure and The Charge Of The Light Brigade both use repetition to show the reader that there have been casualties in the war. In The Charge Of The light Brigade different words are repeated to highlight different things. To emphasise the courage of the charge Tennyson repeats, Forward, the light brigade and The valley of death, which gives the idea that there is no turning back. In stanza two, three lines begin with their. This is used to show the discipline of the soldiers, that not one of them is questioning the wrong order. At the end of the first three stanzas Tennyson is still repeating, Rode the six hundred, this use of repetition gives the idea that the soldiers are still alive. However the final line of stanza four, Not the six hundred shows that not all the soldiers were going to come back from the valley of death. In stanza five some of the lines from stanza three are repeated, Cannon to the right of them, this gives the idea that even though they are on their way back the danger still surrounds them. At the end of stanza five Tennyson has said, Left of six hundred. He is still repeating six hundred, but has changed the words in front of it, to give the idea that the number of losses was more then the number of survivors. Exposure doesnt have has much repetition in as The Charge Of The Light Brigade, but it too has the majority of its repetition at the end of each stanza. The repetition of But nothing happens in three of the stanzas and the final stanza, give the image that the soldiers are almost waiting to die. The use of repetition in this ways indicates that they feel forgotten, because they have gone out to the trenches to do a job, and they are unable to do that job properly. In stanzas five, six and seven Owen repeats, dying at the end of each stanza. By doing this I get the impression that not only are the soldiers dieing because they are being attacked, but their spirits are dying as well as their love for things, its like they have lost themselves in the strong winds that surround them. So in both poems the use of repetition sums up the casualties of war, in Exposure they are shown in a more harsh way, then in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. Both poems are completely different in the way they portray the war, in that Exposure uses realism and The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses euphemism. The reason for there being such a lot of euphemism in The Charge Of The Light Brigade is because Tennyson wants to praise the soldiers. He also uses euphemism to hide behind the grim realities of life. A very good example of euphemism in the poem is, Sabring the gunners there. It is basically saying that the British soldiers were hacking away and killing the enemy, but it isnt described like that because the aim of Tennysons poem was to honour the soldiers. The word sabring makes the British soldiers sounds elegant and sophisticated, as if they arent doing anything wrong. So in order to honour the Light Brigade Tennyson hides behind euphemism. In contrast Owen uses realism in his poem because he wants to show war for what it really is. In everything he says he is very blunt and relates even the simplest things to every day horrors. By using realism Owen shows the reader that the only thing the soldiers have to keep them going are memories, an example of this is, Slowly our ghosts drag home: glimpsing the sunk fires glozed. This emphasises that the soldiers have no luxuries and how now they take nothing for granted, because they now realise it isnt always going to be there for them. The reason for The Charge Of The light Brigade using euphemism and Exposure using realism, is because each writer is trying to give a different image of the war, for different reasons using these methods. In conclusion both poems appear to be very similar when I first looked at them, however the only thing they have in common is that they are both about wars. The reason they only have this in common is for two reasons. The first reason is that both wars were completely different types of wars. The second reason and the most important, is that the writers show different attitudes towards war. In Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson wrote the poem to honour and glorify the soldiers that fought in the war. So the way he presents the poem, its as if Tennyson is saying that war is good thing to part of. I think the other reason for him putting such a positive image on the war was because he didnt fight in it, therefore there are no feelings included in his poem. So because Tennyson approves of the soldiers loyalty there are no signs of irony. Where as in Exposure Owen, who fought in the war, is able to include feelings. Due to having such a horrible time in the trenches, these feelings are sad and seem painful, putting war in a completely different light. Unlike Owen, Tennyson believed that no good could come from war, and although Owen is against war Exposure isnt an anti-war poem. However the one attitude that both writers show in their poems, is that you have to fight sometimes to preserve what is good.

Trait EI Theory in Leaders at Network Rail

Trait EI Theory in Leaders at Network Rail ABSTRACT This investigation addresses the problem of leadership attributes variance in different levels of management. With the environment work force changing in terms of relationships the linkages of self perceived emotional intelligence traits of 52 individuals in junior, middle and senior management at Network Rail are gathered using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) developed by Dr.Petrides at UCL. The investigation exposed a lower level of Global emotional intelligence of senior management in comparison to junior and middle management. However the findings also showed that senior management outperformed on traits that are closely linked with Network Rails Leadership development framework. The other variations and patterns in the data bring up the topic of optimism bias, the neuroscience of change and overcoming the immunity to change. Recommendations outline the intentional change model that could be adapted in order to develop effective leadership traits and be linked with the current talent management programme at Network Rail. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview This study will look for the existing evidence and links between emotional intelligence (EI) and Leadership development in the construction environment. This study will focus on the trait EI theory (Petrides Furnham, 2006) and look to establish common traits in leaders at Network Rail. The study will look for commonalities in terms of traits and competencies in the organisations leaders. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) (Petrides Furnham, 2006) has been selected post literature review for its ability to test for Emotional Intelligence traits that most closely link with what is defined as leadership in academic literature. A lot of interest has surrounded the concept of Emotional Intelligence, and the alleged links it has to improving an individuals ability be successful. Linking and harnessing EI to individuals and their leadership performance is hard to scientifically establish. The investigation focuses upon common attributes that can be developed. Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEI) does not necessarily seclude what Goleman (1998) describes as those EI abilities that you are born with, such as the ability to tune in-emotionally (emotional awareness) to others, and read how they are feeling (social awareness). But this investigation will aim to look at the harder factors of EI that can be developed for and provide added value and competitive advantages to organisations. The investigation of EI and Leadership aims to uncover value that can be used to develop leadership performance. The practical or applied focus is the construction industry. The discovery of the common traits will then be compared to what currently exists in Network Rails (NR) current leadership framework. Recognising that NR and most large organisations already do acknowledge the link between EI and Leadership, the investigation will look at the construction industry specifically. As the construction environment is described as one which is based on human interactions yet suffers from disputes, fierce competitiveness and fragmentation (Walker and Hampson, 2003). The study then into EI and improved Leadership performance would be relevant into helping overcome these barriers to improved working relationships. 1.2 High Level Project Plan Literature review of emotional intelligence models. Selection of EI testing survey. Milestone One – rolling out EI test survey 15/06/09 – 19/06/09. Analysis of EI test results Assessment of leadership focus groups, survey and EI test results. Leadership framework analysis. Milestone Two – Realisation of gaps that exist within the leadership framework and proposal of enhanced leadership framework 06/07/09. Milestone Three – Draft Copy Complete – 06/08/09. 1.3 Project Road map Chapter 1 has introduced the problem area that this research is looking to add knowledge to. The second half of chapter 1 will draw in the reader to the more specific problem area that this project is addressing, and how this problem will be researched. A review of the existing EI models and an effective approach for this investigation will be sought and shall be addressed in this chapter also. Chapter 2 will set out the research methodology that has been adopted for this research, considering the nature of the project and the relative social complexities and privacy issues associated with emotional intelligence tests will be addressed here. This will follow on to the actual analysis section, chapter 3 where a cross section of the results will be displayed, and quantitatively analysed. The results of the study shall be shown in chapter 4. The evaluation of the study and future recommendations or work will be concluded in chapter 5. 1.4 Literature Review 1.5 Introduction The scope of the literature review will define emotional intelligence from the various academic perspectives, distinguishing an accurate and succinct description of the term, which is considered relatively new. The Literature Review will compromise of the following: Brief History of EI A discussion of the current EI models and the attributes that are linked to them Focus: The elected EI Model TEIQUE. How EI is linked to improved leadership performance. Leadership Responsibilities. The need for EI competencies and Leadership in the Construction Industry. The current problems within Network Rail. 1.6 What is EI? Though the term EI has in recent years broadened, the original definition of EI is: The ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions, Salovey and Mayer (1990 pg 189). Popularised by Goleman (1995) in his books and speeches in recent years EI may give the impression of being a very new concept, psychologists have of course established its presence much earlier than this. A time line has been produced to give an idea of how EI has grown and expanded (Figure 1). In 1920 a psychologist named Thorndike referenced in Khilstrom and Cantor (2009) established three forms of intelligence one of them being social intelligence. Thorndike stated that this was the ability to function successfully in interpersonal situations. Gardner (1983) then proposed social intelligence as one of 7 multiple intelligences which actually mapped out the beginnings of EI by stating that social intelligence comprised of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. Gardner (1983) believed however that we have multiple intelligences rather than a general intelligence and was clear on this notion. It was not until 1990 that the term emotional intelligence was first officially coined by Salovey and Mayer, their definition is still regarded as the most accurate description of EI. 1.7 The Problems with EI Currently Murphy (2006) critiqued the problems of Emotional Intelligence addressing the three common problems found on the subject. (1) EI is poorly defined and poorly measured (Locke, 2005, Eysneck, 2000 and MacCann et al, 2004). (2) EI is a new name for familiar constructs that have been studied for decades. (Locke,2005). (3) Claims about EI are overblown, (Landy, 2005). Though this investigation is not a study into the definition of EI, the reader must be made aware that EI is a contended description, and one that does receive positive and negative attention. EI is often linked to popular psychology which dilutes the validity of the concept adding value in organisational environments. It is this association coupled what Landy (2005) comments as the lack of measurability, providing weak evidence to suggest EI tests have any predictive value. This has caused many to completely dismiss its label, with Locke, (2005) adding that EI should be re-labelled and regarded as Emotional skills. 1.8 The various models of EI Since Savoley and Mayer first introduced the term EI, a few authors have expanded or taken a slightly different perspective on what constitutes as EI. These models do vary somewhat on how they define EI with stretching definitions that often encompass other related areas. Therefore EI does not have one set model that all academics can agree contains all the attributes that pertains to what is defined as EI. As this investigation is narrowing on the EI attributes and traits with leadership performance, the model that best-fits this particular study will be selected. Therefore a brief synopsis of EI models will be reviewed, and a set of attributes provided by a psychologist (Qualified Corporate Trainer) and Network Rails Leadership Development team will assist in identifying the correct model to follow. This will enable the administering of the survey to be appropriate for the organization and for the purpose of the research. Emotional Intelligence models are categorised into 3 areas, and this research will analyse a model in each of the following areas. Ability EI models Mixed models of EI Trait EI model 1.9 The ability EI model In 1997 Savoley and Mayer introduced a four branch model which has since transpired to involve the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). This four branch model pertains to the following: Perception, Appraisal and Expression of Emotion Emotional Facilitation of Thinking Understanding and Analyzing Emotions; Employing Emotional Knowledge. Reflective Regulation of Emotions to Promote Emotional and Intellectual Growth The ability test views EI as a form of intelligence, testing the participant on the above four branches, showing a score for each of the branches and a total EI score. The model has recently received quite mixed reviews with a recent study carried out by FÃ ¸llesdal (2008) which details a study of 111 business leaders based in Norway. In this study business leaders were compared with how their employees described their leader; however no correlation of empathy to being effective leaders, or behaviors for transformational leadership were found. Three papers were completed, all questioning the validity of the MSCEIT, which critically lead to a questioning of the validity of the EI model in general. 1.10 Mixed models of EI Goleman (1998) originally developed this model and describes the mixed model of emotional intelligence as the bedrock for emotional competencies, which actually pertains to the ability to realise what another person is feeling, which Goleman boldly states is a skill that you are born with. He goes on to comment that emotional competence is quite different, this pertains to a personal and social skill set. This personal and social skill can lead to a superior performance in the world of work, and this skill can be learnt and developed to increase performance. The Mixed Model theory describes five domains of EI. Each area has its own set of behavioural attributes and describes these as EQ, unlike IQ which is difficult to change, emotional intelligence can be developed through education and training interventions (Goleman, 1995). 1. Knowing your emotions. 2. Managing your own emotions. 3. Motivating yourself. 4. Recognising and understanding other peoples emotions. 5. Managing relationships, i.e., managing the emotions of others. There are various measurement tools that are based on the Goleman model, the main model is termed The Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI), and later updated to the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI). The second is Intelligence Appraisal, often taken as a self-report or a peer assessment termed a 360-degree assessment. 1.11 Trait EI model Trait EI is not to be confused with the first ability model presented, as this model concentrates on self-perception. It is recognising that behavioural disposition and self perceived abilities can be quite different, and by using a self report which in contrast to the ability based model can be scientifically tested much easier than the ability model which tests actual abilities rather than traits. This framework also known as Trait Emotional Self Efficacy (TESE) links well with personality tests. This model has been favoured by recent academics and especially critics of the ability model. The Trait EI model is credited with a more accurate testing rules than the ability model, which has been termed a psychometrically meaningless scoring procedure (Petrides, et al 2007). The Trait EI model is tested using the TEIQUE (Trait emotional Intelligence Questionnaire), the model is freely available and its open access status means that its transparency for testing welcomes scientific challenges. This approach the author feels is a positive step towards developing EI tests further to contributing to a more accurate construct of emotional intelligence. The Trait theory however does differ in its interpretation of EI, with the following differences outlined: Ability EI is defined as a cognitive-emotional ability that relates to emotions that are only measurable through what Petrides (2007) calls maximum performance tests. These tests are linked with extensive psychological emotional testing that requires large sample sizes. Indicating that tests currently established in the mixed models and ability models of EI really may not have much substantial predictive value, aligning the view point of Petrides and Furnham (2004) with Locke (2005). Rather trait EI describes what Petrides (2007) calls emotion-related behavioural dispositions and self perceived abilities, and can therefore be measured through self-report questionnaires. It is the focus on self perception of traits and leadership performance that allows this investigation to conclude a more accurate research hypothesis. The TEQUI has 20 variables with 15 traits grouped into four categories; this is explained in further detailed in the methodology chapter (3.8). 1.12 EI as a core competency in organisations When it comes to improving organizational effectiveness, management scholars and practitioners are beginning to emphasize the importance of a managers emotional intelligence (Sosik Megerian, 1999 pg 367). Despite the shortcomings in establishing EI as a concept, this study recognises that EI is a core competency and the focus will be on what attributes of EI should be developed in order to contribute to improved leadership performance, and to use the findings to improve the current leadership framework in Network Rail. Organisations are starting to recognise the emerging role EI has in the workplace, (Fisher and Ashkanasy, 2000). An investigation completed by Cooper and Sawaf (1996) in to an Executives EQ has exposed evidence that Emotional intelligence is a pre-requisite in leadership and successful organisations should implement strategies to develop this core competency, in order to provide its workforce with a competitive advantage. This competitive advantage has a huge hidden immeasurable value (Cooper and Sawaf, 1996) which if nurtured correctly will ultimately lead to protect organisations working collaboratively for win-win scenarios. EI has not only been used in organisation training, but can now be seen in a variety of scenarios. Selling life insurance was seen as a delicate sales pitch, that often lead to low responses. However, with specific training given to shed a positive light on the subject, sales were positively effected as the quality of interactions improved with comfort levels increasing with clients, this study focused on the topic of self awareness (Druskat and Druskat, 2006). Kaplan et al (2001) comment that recurring blind spots in managers that are striving to attain higher levels of EI are setting unrealistic goals to subordinates, relentlessly striving, and ruthlessly driving others too hard is not an example of a leader with a good level of EI. Kaplan et al (2001) explains that the hunger for power and the need for recognition are also not traits that leaders with high levels of emotional intelligence should demonstrate. 1.13 Linking emotional intelligence with leadership development and performance This requires more thinking than the generic training that is currently delivered to an organisations employees, but a study on what attributes successful leaders tend to possess. The evidence that EI exists in leadership is not questioned with both Goleman, (1995) and Savoley and Mayer (1990) agreeing that it is the ability to combine emotional and cognitive capacities to handle lifes emergent circumstances (referenced in Higgs and McGuire, 2001) , coping with setbacks and dilemmas, and effectively interacting with others requires a form of intelligence. Goleman (1998) has commented that leaders have to make decisions about strategy, employees and situations. It is the leaders ability to make effective decisions that determine the performance of good leaders. Goleman has taken five components from the EI realm and listed them as integral these are: Self-awareness Communication influencing skills Commitment Integrity Managers who do not develop their emotional intelligence have difficulty in building good relationships with peers, subordinates, superiors and clients (Goleman, 1998 pg 95) outlines the importance of relationship management and the mistake of being task focused in the work environment. Sosik Megerian, (1999) carried out a study which addressed how self-awareness components can improve transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is defined by Burns (1978) as a process that assists leaders and followers to enable each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. The study founded empirical support for EI being the foundation of leadership. Sosik and Megerian (1999) went on to comment that if leaders became more self-aware the implications of their own feelings and thoughts could be better managed and understood, and would lead to improved interactions with sub-ordinates. In Druskat and Druskat (2006) it was referenced that Spencer (2001) found that in a study of 28 construction project managers that EI competencies was most strongly related to their job success. Druskat and Druskat (2006) then supported this with a study carried out by Mount (2005) on 74 project managers which demonstrated that nearly 70% of Project managers put their success down to the emotional competencies of the individual. And Finally Butler and Chinowsky (2006) carried out a study in construction with 130 construction executives. Interpersonal skills and empathy were the two most important EI behaviours to be identified in this investigation. The key findings mentioned that additional attention during the development of construction industry executives would be favoured to overcome what the industry suffers with currently. 1.14 Examples of how competency development can bring positive change Self-confidence a form of self awareness is defined by Pryke and Smyth (2006) as having a strong sense of Self worth and capabilities. Although these attributes can often be wrongly identified with arrogance, it is the ability to inspire those around you to subscribe to an idea. This attribute was chosen alongside other emotional competencies to change a problem in an organisation. The problem related to staff retention, with the firm not managing to maintain its division presidents for no longer than two years. This new recruitment strategy hired based on self confidence characteristics, influencing skills and what is termed Inspirational leadership (Goleman, 1998). Though Goleman has not been transparent on what the recruitment questions were specifically, the results are clear. With retention dropping from 50% to 6% with using this new hiring process (Pryke and Smyth, 2006). Self-control is another form of self awareness, and relates to effective communication and integrity. Druskat and Wolff (2001) comment that self control is not a question of dealing with a necessary evil by dealing with emotions as they bubble up and then suppressing them as soon they appear. It is a process of consciously bringing emotions to the surface and understanding how they can affect others. Construction industry suffers with managing emotion in the work place Walker and Hampson (2003) have termed the Construction industry as one that is characterised by disputes, fierce competitiveness and fragmentation all major obstacles to development. With this environment regarded as fact by many practitioners and academics, the relationship approach is seen as an effective stance to deal with the pressures of this complex environment (Pryke and Smyth, 2006; Walker and Hampson, 2003). 1.15 Responsibilities of good leaders It is suggested that leaders that have emotional intelligence tend to align personal and subordinate goals to accomplish company goals. Belasco and Stayer (1993) have suggested responsibilities a leader should possess, the author has taken these suggestions and developed actions and traits in a waterfall format, as they are suggested steps that could be undertaken. 1.16 Leadership Traits and Trait Emotional Intelligence The following principals in the above system have been aligned with traits tested for in the trait emotional intelligence test (TEIQUE). For a full description of the TRAITS the official TEIQUE interpretation can be found in the appendix and a condensed version is found in section 2.8. 1.17 Current Problems at Network Rail The problem owner is of course NR, and the problem is the legacy attitude of the workforce, with the Q12 survey (a survey comprising of 12 questions to gather employee engagement) uncovering some very disheartening results. In 2003 the Gallup organisation reported that NR had fallen in the bottom quartile and stated they had never seen results this low before. With 30% of NRs 33,000 branded actively disengaged, indicating a lack of loyalty and/or allegiance to the firm and its aims and 50% not engaged (Gallup , 2006) it was clearly evident that this problem had to be addressed. With little progress made in 2006, NR introduced a cross-functional management team to implement a plan of change. This agenda addressed management behaviours, unions, communications, basic/root causes, benchmarking, best practices and analysis techniques (Warwick Business School, 2006). Furthermore NR introduced a Leadership Framework to provide guidelines for its middle and junior management (Managers Handbook, 2006). These values are implemented through annual reviews, corporate training and the American 360-degree anonymous peer review. A series of positive responses by the executives is a move in the right direction; however this dissertation wishes to expand on the leadership framework and make some sensible suggestions. Specifically leadership in project management, with NR considered the biggest employer of project professionals in the UK (Telegraph, 2008). 1.18 Chapter Summary This investigation therefore considers the current problem that exists within NR, and attempts to discover the self perceived emotional intelligence of its junior, middle and senior management. The next chapter will detail the correct approach that should be taken in order to administer this sensitive test. The current leadership framework though has been investigated at this stage has been brought into discussion in chapter 4 to explain some of the unexpected and expected results of the trait questionnaire. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The following chapter aims to discuss the research methods the author employed to answer the questions derived from the critical literature review. The over arching research question is: Does trait emotional intelligence increase with management seniority? With the following sub-hypotheses used to investigate this statement: H1 – The Higher the position level and/or level of seniority the higher the Global Trait EI. H2 In the Self Control factors of trait EI the older individuals will score higher. H3 In the Emotionality factor of trait EI, females will score higher than males. 2.1 Previous Research The authors research builds empirically on previous work carried out within the area of Leadership and Emotional Intelligence. An indication as to what research was previously carried out will be given to give further justification to the research methods that were used. There have been a few studies in the area of emotional intelligence and leadership, with the majority of investigations implementing a single and multi strategy approach. The area of emotional intelligence and its effect on leadership in construction is quite limited with studies all adopting similar approaches. Authors such as Butler and Chinowsky (2006) and Walker (2003) conducted emotional intelligence surveys. Their research targeted a select management type within the construction industry enabling a statistical grounding for stronger analysis. The research discussed took a positivist approach but it can be seen as somewhat unreliable as the emotional intelligence surveys taken were not self perceived tests of emotion. The basis of their EI tests claims to test genuine EI rather than realistically outline that the tests taken are hypothetical in nature; and in reality if not tested using high performance test techniques then the tests are somewhat invalid (Petrides , 2003) with the potential for certain individuals to exaggerate or omit certain truths. This could lead to a weak correlation in EI data for various levels of management. Sunindijo et al (2007) used a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods completing direct interviews and EI tests developed by TalentSmart, with over 90 construction management executives. Due to the success of previous research methods outlined above, the author adopted a survey based methodology to gather primary research. Taking the format of Butler and Chinowsky (2006) by identifying various management types and using an emotional intelligence survey that calculated self-perceived EI, the survey selected TEIQUE (Petrides, 2003) recognises that individuals may wish to portray a positive impression (PI), or may have a skewed Negative Impression (NI) and also give varied answers measured by an Inconsistency Index (II). The trait survey has adopted a similar concept and additionally recognises that all traits are self perceived rather than indefinite EI scores. In keeping with Butler and Chinowsky (2006) Sunindijo et al (2007) and Walker (2003) the author distributed questionnaires to the target audience. The underlying assumptions of the research methods chosen formed the basis of the rest of the chapter. 2.2 Research Philosophy and Strategy In order to extend on existing social interpretations found within the literature, a philosophy for this investigation has been used. The concept of empiricism was seen as a relevant philosophy to adopt, as the research findings add to the current body of knowledge (Remenyi et al 1998, pg 31). The questioning nature of this investigation however aimed to have a perspective of realism recognising that research questions can be interpreted quite differently. With Fisher et al (2004) commenting that the subjective nature of research and the inevitable role of values in it should be considered carefully. A primary attribute of realism is that it is common for researchers findings to complement existing explanations. Using this philosophy and drawing on existing presumptions and assessments, the author is able to validate which can be transferred easily. The TEIQUE survey was the ideal as its philosophy and theme married well to the concept of realism and positivism. As the developer of the survey does take the following notion working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be the derivation of law like generalisations, similar to those produced by the natural sciences (Remenyi et al, 1998). However as this investigation is one of very few in the construction industry, the realism aspect is emphasised as the appropriate philosophy. With this form of study often brandished as fuzzy, the pre-existing frameworks in Networks Rails organisation alongside networks, concepts, hypothesis and theories (Czeller, 2003) are used to create theoretical predications concerning peoples experiences (Bryman and Bell, 2003). 2.3 Research Approach An inductive approach is appropriate due to the perspective of theory being the outcome of research (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The deductive approach has been disregarded subject to criticism due to the nature of the methodology being rigid, and the inability to construct any alternative explanations. The author wishes to build on the current body of knowledge. With concepts explored such as; ? The relationship between self perceived emotional intelligence and leaders in an organisation. ? The possibility of traits of emotional intelligence in junior, middle and senior management varying. ? The gaps in this trait analysis to form recommendations for a review of the leadership framework at Network Rail. Thus implementing research methods that can build understandings on these current theories was fitting. However if new issues and understandings arose then they can still be discussed and placed within context. 2.4 Data Collection Methods The data collection method applied was a questionnaire. The advantages and disadvantages of using this research method discussed further on in the chapter. The single method approach was chosen as it incorporated complementary research, with a questionnaire that is tried and tested in many organisational environments. The TEIQUE questionnaire was aimed at three groups of management in the infrastructure investment arm of Network Rail. The groups were junior, middle and senior management. The data collection commenced during the early parts of June, with 100 papers based surveys being administered by the author. The distribution of the questionnaire aimed for a 60% response rate with an even split of junior, middle and senior management. The potential issue is that as Network Rail is a pyramid organisation, the number of senior and middle management is far fewer than junior, and thus could be reflected in the response split. To avoid this happening, more surveys have been distributed specifically to senior and middle management, as they would be more inclined to ignore surveys due to time commitments. 2.5 Justification of questionnaires The use of an emotional intelligence survey and short questionnaire was down to two major reasons. Initially in order to carry out an emotional intelligence test successfully, the participant had to meet certain criterion which was driven from the literature review and forums that the author attended (see appendix for f Trait EI Theory in Leaders at Network Rail Trait EI Theory in Leaders at Network Rail ABSTRACT This investigation addresses the problem of leadership attributes variance in different levels of management. With the environment work force changing in terms of relationships the linkages of self perceived emotional intelligence traits of 52 individuals in junior, middle and senior management at Network Rail are gathered using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) developed by Dr.Petrides at UCL. The investigation exposed a lower level of Global emotional intelligence of senior management in comparison to junior and middle management. However the findings also showed that senior management outperformed on traits that are closely linked with Network Rails Leadership development framework. The other variations and patterns in the data bring up the topic of optimism bias, the neuroscience of change and overcoming the immunity to change. Recommendations outline the intentional change model that could be adapted in order to develop effective leadership traits and be linked with the current talent management programme at Network Rail. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview This study will look for the existing evidence and links between emotional intelligence (EI) and Leadership development in the construction environment. This study will focus on the trait EI theory (Petrides Furnham, 2006) and look to establish common traits in leaders at Network Rail. The study will look for commonalities in terms of traits and competencies in the organisations leaders. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) (Petrides Furnham, 2006) has been selected post literature review for its ability to test for Emotional Intelligence traits that most closely link with what is defined as leadership in academic literature. A lot of interest has surrounded the concept of Emotional Intelligence, and the alleged links it has to improving an individuals ability be successful. Linking and harnessing EI to individuals and their leadership performance is hard to scientifically establish. The investigation focuses upon common attributes that can be developed. Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEI) does not necessarily seclude what Goleman (1998) describes as those EI abilities that you are born with, such as the ability to tune in-emotionally (emotional awareness) to others, and read how they are feeling (social awareness). But this investigation will aim to look at the harder factors of EI that can be developed for and provide added value and competitive advantages to organisations. The investigation of EI and Leadership aims to uncover value that can be used to develop leadership performance. The practical or applied focus is the construction industry. The discovery of the common traits will then be compared to what currently exists in Network Rails (NR) current leadership framework. Recognising that NR and most large organisations already do acknowledge the link between EI and Leadership, the investigation will look at the construction industry specifically. As the construction environment is described as one which is based on human interactions yet suffers from disputes, fierce competitiveness and fragmentation (Walker and Hampson, 2003). The study then into EI and improved Leadership performance would be relevant into helping overcome these barriers to improved working relationships. 1.2 High Level Project Plan Literature review of emotional intelligence models. Selection of EI testing survey. Milestone One – rolling out EI test survey 15/06/09 – 19/06/09. Analysis of EI test results Assessment of leadership focus groups, survey and EI test results. Leadership framework analysis. Milestone Two – Realisation of gaps that exist within the leadership framework and proposal of enhanced leadership framework 06/07/09. Milestone Three – Draft Copy Complete – 06/08/09. 1.3 Project Road map Chapter 1 has introduced the problem area that this research is looking to add knowledge to. The second half of chapter 1 will draw in the reader to the more specific problem area that this project is addressing, and how this problem will be researched. A review of the existing EI models and an effective approach for this investigation will be sought and shall be addressed in this chapter also. Chapter 2 will set out the research methodology that has been adopted for this research, considering the nature of the project and the relative social complexities and privacy issues associated with emotional intelligence tests will be addressed here. This will follow on to the actual analysis section, chapter 3 where a cross section of the results will be displayed, and quantitatively analysed. The results of the study shall be shown in chapter 4. The evaluation of the study and future recommendations or work will be concluded in chapter 5. 1.4 Literature Review 1.5 Introduction The scope of the literature review will define emotional intelligence from the various academic perspectives, distinguishing an accurate and succinct description of the term, which is considered relatively new. The Literature Review will compromise of the following: Brief History of EI A discussion of the current EI models and the attributes that are linked to them Focus: The elected EI Model TEIQUE. How EI is linked to improved leadership performance. Leadership Responsibilities. The need for EI competencies and Leadership in the Construction Industry. The current problems within Network Rail. 1.6 What is EI? Though the term EI has in recent years broadened, the original definition of EI is: The ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions, Salovey and Mayer (1990 pg 189). Popularised by Goleman (1995) in his books and speeches in recent years EI may give the impression of being a very new concept, psychologists have of course established its presence much earlier than this. A time line has been produced to give an idea of how EI has grown and expanded (Figure 1). In 1920 a psychologist named Thorndike referenced in Khilstrom and Cantor (2009) established three forms of intelligence one of them being social intelligence. Thorndike stated that this was the ability to function successfully in interpersonal situations. Gardner (1983) then proposed social intelligence as one of 7 multiple intelligences which actually mapped out the beginnings of EI by stating that social intelligence comprised of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. Gardner (1983) believed however that we have multiple intelligences rather than a general intelligence and was clear on this notion. It was not until 1990 that the term emotional intelligence was first officially coined by Salovey and Mayer, their definition is still regarded as the most accurate description of EI. 1.7 The Problems with EI Currently Murphy (2006) critiqued the problems of Emotional Intelligence addressing the three common problems found on the subject. (1) EI is poorly defined and poorly measured (Locke, 2005, Eysneck, 2000 and MacCann et al, 2004). (2) EI is a new name for familiar constructs that have been studied for decades. (Locke,2005). (3) Claims about EI are overblown, (Landy, 2005). Though this investigation is not a study into the definition of EI, the reader must be made aware that EI is a contended description, and one that does receive positive and negative attention. EI is often linked to popular psychology which dilutes the validity of the concept adding value in organisational environments. It is this association coupled what Landy (2005) comments as the lack of measurability, providing weak evidence to suggest EI tests have any predictive value. This has caused many to completely dismiss its label, with Locke, (2005) adding that EI should be re-labelled and regarded as Emotional skills. 1.8 The various models of EI Since Savoley and Mayer first introduced the term EI, a few authors have expanded or taken a slightly different perspective on what constitutes as EI. These models do vary somewhat on how they define EI with stretching definitions that often encompass other related areas. Therefore EI does not have one set model that all academics can agree contains all the attributes that pertains to what is defined as EI. As this investigation is narrowing on the EI attributes and traits with leadership performance, the model that best-fits this particular study will be selected. Therefore a brief synopsis of EI models will be reviewed, and a set of attributes provided by a psychologist (Qualified Corporate Trainer) and Network Rails Leadership Development team will assist in identifying the correct model to follow. This will enable the administering of the survey to be appropriate for the organization and for the purpose of the research. Emotional Intelligence models are categorised into 3 areas, and this research will analyse a model in each of the following areas. Ability EI models Mixed models of EI Trait EI model 1.9 The ability EI model In 1997 Savoley and Mayer introduced a four branch model which has since transpired to involve the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). This four branch model pertains to the following: Perception, Appraisal and Expression of Emotion Emotional Facilitation of Thinking Understanding and Analyzing Emotions; Employing Emotional Knowledge. Reflective Regulation of Emotions to Promote Emotional and Intellectual Growth The ability test views EI as a form of intelligence, testing the participant on the above four branches, showing a score for each of the branches and a total EI score. The model has recently received quite mixed reviews with a recent study carried out by FÃ ¸llesdal (2008) which details a study of 111 business leaders based in Norway. In this study business leaders were compared with how their employees described their leader; however no correlation of empathy to being effective leaders, or behaviors for transformational leadership were found. Three papers were completed, all questioning the validity of the MSCEIT, which critically lead to a questioning of the validity of the EI model in general. 1.10 Mixed models of EI Goleman (1998) originally developed this model and describes the mixed model of emotional intelligence as the bedrock for emotional competencies, which actually pertains to the ability to realise what another person is feeling, which Goleman boldly states is a skill that you are born with. He goes on to comment that emotional competence is quite different, this pertains to a personal and social skill set. This personal and social skill can lead to a superior performance in the world of work, and this skill can be learnt and developed to increase performance. The Mixed Model theory describes five domains of EI. Each area has its own set of behavioural attributes and describes these as EQ, unlike IQ which is difficult to change, emotional intelligence can be developed through education and training interventions (Goleman, 1995). 1. Knowing your emotions. 2. Managing your own emotions. 3. Motivating yourself. 4. Recognising and understanding other peoples emotions. 5. Managing relationships, i.e., managing the emotions of others. There are various measurement tools that are based on the Goleman model, the main model is termed The Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI), and later updated to the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI). The second is Intelligence Appraisal, often taken as a self-report or a peer assessment termed a 360-degree assessment. 1.11 Trait EI model Trait EI is not to be confused with the first ability model presented, as this model concentrates on self-perception. It is recognising that behavioural disposition and self perceived abilities can be quite different, and by using a self report which in contrast to the ability based model can be scientifically tested much easier than the ability model which tests actual abilities rather than traits. This framework also known as Trait Emotional Self Efficacy (TESE) links well with personality tests. This model has been favoured by recent academics and especially critics of the ability model. The Trait EI model is credited with a more accurate testing rules than the ability model, which has been termed a psychometrically meaningless scoring procedure (Petrides, et al 2007). The Trait EI model is tested using the TEIQUE (Trait emotional Intelligence Questionnaire), the model is freely available and its open access status means that its transparency for testing welcomes scientific challenges. This approach the author feels is a positive step towards developing EI tests further to contributing to a more accurate construct of emotional intelligence. The Trait theory however does differ in its interpretation of EI, with the following differences outlined: Ability EI is defined as a cognitive-emotional ability that relates to emotions that are only measurable through what Petrides (2007) calls maximum performance tests. These tests are linked with extensive psychological emotional testing that requires large sample sizes. Indicating that tests currently established in the mixed models and ability models of EI really may not have much substantial predictive value, aligning the view point of Petrides and Furnham (2004) with Locke (2005). Rather trait EI describes what Petrides (2007) calls emotion-related behavioural dispositions and self perceived abilities, and can therefore be measured through self-report questionnaires. It is the focus on self perception of traits and leadership performance that allows this investigation to conclude a more accurate research hypothesis. The TEQUI has 20 variables with 15 traits grouped into four categories; this is explained in further detailed in the methodology chapter (3.8). 1.12 EI as a core competency in organisations When it comes to improving organizational effectiveness, management scholars and practitioners are beginning to emphasize the importance of a managers emotional intelligence (Sosik Megerian, 1999 pg 367). Despite the shortcomings in establishing EI as a concept, this study recognises that EI is a core competency and the focus will be on what attributes of EI should be developed in order to contribute to improved leadership performance, and to use the findings to improve the current leadership framework in Network Rail. Organisations are starting to recognise the emerging role EI has in the workplace, (Fisher and Ashkanasy, 2000). An investigation completed by Cooper and Sawaf (1996) in to an Executives EQ has exposed evidence that Emotional intelligence is a pre-requisite in leadership and successful organisations should implement strategies to develop this core competency, in order to provide its workforce with a competitive advantage. This competitive advantage has a huge hidden immeasurable value (Cooper and Sawaf, 1996) which if nurtured correctly will ultimately lead to protect organisations working collaboratively for win-win scenarios. EI has not only been used in organisation training, but can now be seen in a variety of scenarios. Selling life insurance was seen as a delicate sales pitch, that often lead to low responses. However, with specific training given to shed a positive light on the subject, sales were positively effected as the quality of interactions improved with comfort levels increasing with clients, this study focused on the topic of self awareness (Druskat and Druskat, 2006). Kaplan et al (2001) comment that recurring blind spots in managers that are striving to attain higher levels of EI are setting unrealistic goals to subordinates, relentlessly striving, and ruthlessly driving others too hard is not an example of a leader with a good level of EI. Kaplan et al (2001) explains that the hunger for power and the need for recognition are also not traits that leaders with high levels of emotional intelligence should demonstrate. 1.13 Linking emotional intelligence with leadership development and performance This requires more thinking than the generic training that is currently delivered to an organisations employees, but a study on what attributes successful leaders tend to possess. The evidence that EI exists in leadership is not questioned with both Goleman, (1995) and Savoley and Mayer (1990) agreeing that it is the ability to combine emotional and cognitive capacities to handle lifes emergent circumstances (referenced in Higgs and McGuire, 2001) , coping with setbacks and dilemmas, and effectively interacting with others requires a form of intelligence. Goleman (1998) has commented that leaders have to make decisions about strategy, employees and situations. It is the leaders ability to make effective decisions that determine the performance of good leaders. Goleman has taken five components from the EI realm and listed them as integral these are: Self-awareness Communication influencing skills Commitment Integrity Managers who do not develop their emotional intelligence have difficulty in building good relationships with peers, subordinates, superiors and clients (Goleman, 1998 pg 95) outlines the importance of relationship management and the mistake of being task focused in the work environment. Sosik Megerian, (1999) carried out a study which addressed how self-awareness components can improve transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is defined by Burns (1978) as a process that assists leaders and followers to enable each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. The study founded empirical support for EI being the foundation of leadership. Sosik and Megerian (1999) went on to comment that if leaders became more self-aware the implications of their own feelings and thoughts could be better managed and understood, and would lead to improved interactions with sub-ordinates. In Druskat and Druskat (2006) it was referenced that Spencer (2001) found that in a study of 28 construction project managers that EI competencies was most strongly related to their job success. Druskat and Druskat (2006) then supported this with a study carried out by Mount (2005) on 74 project managers which demonstrated that nearly 70% of Project managers put their success down to the emotional competencies of the individual. And Finally Butler and Chinowsky (2006) carried out a study in construction with 130 construction executives. Interpersonal skills and empathy were the two most important EI behaviours to be identified in this investigation. The key findings mentioned that additional attention during the development of construction industry executives would be favoured to overcome what the industry suffers with currently. 1.14 Examples of how competency development can bring positive change Self-confidence a form of self awareness is defined by Pryke and Smyth (2006) as having a strong sense of Self worth and capabilities. Although these attributes can often be wrongly identified with arrogance, it is the ability to inspire those around you to subscribe to an idea. This attribute was chosen alongside other emotional competencies to change a problem in an organisation. The problem related to staff retention, with the firm not managing to maintain its division presidents for no longer than two years. This new recruitment strategy hired based on self confidence characteristics, influencing skills and what is termed Inspirational leadership (Goleman, 1998). Though Goleman has not been transparent on what the recruitment questions were specifically, the results are clear. With retention dropping from 50% to 6% with using this new hiring process (Pryke and Smyth, 2006). Self-control is another form of self awareness, and relates to effective communication and integrity. Druskat and Wolff (2001) comment that self control is not a question of dealing with a necessary evil by dealing with emotions as they bubble up and then suppressing them as soon they appear. It is a process of consciously bringing emotions to the surface and understanding how they can affect others. Construction industry suffers with managing emotion in the work place Walker and Hampson (2003) have termed the Construction industry as one that is characterised by disputes, fierce competitiveness and fragmentation all major obstacles to development. With this environment regarded as fact by many practitioners and academics, the relationship approach is seen as an effective stance to deal with the pressures of this complex environment (Pryke and Smyth, 2006; Walker and Hampson, 2003). 1.15 Responsibilities of good leaders It is suggested that leaders that have emotional intelligence tend to align personal and subordinate goals to accomplish company goals. Belasco and Stayer (1993) have suggested responsibilities a leader should possess, the author has taken these suggestions and developed actions and traits in a waterfall format, as they are suggested steps that could be undertaken. 1.16 Leadership Traits and Trait Emotional Intelligence The following principals in the above system have been aligned with traits tested for in the trait emotional intelligence test (TEIQUE). For a full description of the TRAITS the official TEIQUE interpretation can be found in the appendix and a condensed version is found in section 2.8. 1.17 Current Problems at Network Rail The problem owner is of course NR, and the problem is the legacy attitude of the workforce, with the Q12 survey (a survey comprising of 12 questions to gather employee engagement) uncovering some very disheartening results. In 2003 the Gallup organisation reported that NR had fallen in the bottom quartile and stated they had never seen results this low before. With 30% of NRs 33,000 branded actively disengaged, indicating a lack of loyalty and/or allegiance to the firm and its aims and 50% not engaged (Gallup , 2006) it was clearly evident that this problem had to be addressed. With little progress made in 2006, NR introduced a cross-functional management team to implement a plan of change. This agenda addressed management behaviours, unions, communications, basic/root causes, benchmarking, best practices and analysis techniques (Warwick Business School, 2006). Furthermore NR introduced a Leadership Framework to provide guidelines for its middle and junior management (Managers Handbook, 2006). These values are implemented through annual reviews, corporate training and the American 360-degree anonymous peer review. A series of positive responses by the executives is a move in the right direction; however this dissertation wishes to expand on the leadership framework and make some sensible suggestions. Specifically leadership in project management, with NR considered the biggest employer of project professionals in the UK (Telegraph, 2008). 1.18 Chapter Summary This investigation therefore considers the current problem that exists within NR, and attempts to discover the self perceived emotional intelligence of its junior, middle and senior management. The next chapter will detail the correct approach that should be taken in order to administer this sensitive test. The current leadership framework though has been investigated at this stage has been brought into discussion in chapter 4 to explain some of the unexpected and expected results of the trait questionnaire. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The following chapter aims to discuss the research methods the author employed to answer the questions derived from the critical literature review. The over arching research question is: Does trait emotional intelligence increase with management seniority? With the following sub-hypotheses used to investigate this statement: H1 – The Higher the position level and/or level of seniority the higher the Global Trait EI. H2 In the Self Control factors of trait EI the older individuals will score higher. H3 In the Emotionality factor of trait EI, females will score higher than males. 2.1 Previous Research The authors research builds empirically on previous work carried out within the area of Leadership and Emotional Intelligence. An indication as to what research was previously carried out will be given to give further justification to the research methods that were used. There have been a few studies in the area of emotional intelligence and leadership, with the majority of investigations implementing a single and multi strategy approach. The area of emotional intelligence and its effect on leadership in construction is quite limited with studies all adopting similar approaches. Authors such as Butler and Chinowsky (2006) and Walker (2003) conducted emotional intelligence surveys. Their research targeted a select management type within the construction industry enabling a statistical grounding for stronger analysis. The research discussed took a positivist approach but it can be seen as somewhat unreliable as the emotional intelligence surveys taken were not self perceived tests of emotion. The basis of their EI tests claims to test genuine EI rather than realistically outline that the tests taken are hypothetical in nature; and in reality if not tested using high performance test techniques then the tests are somewhat invalid (Petrides , 2003) with the potential for certain individuals to exaggerate or omit certain truths. This could lead to a weak correlation in EI data for various levels of management. Sunindijo et al (2007) used a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods completing direct interviews and EI tests developed by TalentSmart, with over 90 construction management executives. Due to the success of previous research methods outlined above, the author adopted a survey based methodology to gather primary research. Taking the format of Butler and Chinowsky (2006) by identifying various management types and using an emotional intelligence survey that calculated self-perceived EI, the survey selected TEIQUE (Petrides, 2003) recognises that individuals may wish to portray a positive impression (PI), or may have a skewed Negative Impression (NI) and also give varied answers measured by an Inconsistency Index (II). The trait survey has adopted a similar concept and additionally recognises that all traits are self perceived rather than indefinite EI scores. In keeping with Butler and Chinowsky (2006) Sunindijo et al (2007) and Walker (2003) the author distributed questionnaires to the target audience. The underlying assumptions of the research methods chosen formed the basis of the rest of the chapter. 2.2 Research Philosophy and Strategy In order to extend on existing social interpretations found within the literature, a philosophy for this investigation has been used. The concept of empiricism was seen as a relevant philosophy to adopt, as the research findings add to the current body of knowledge (Remenyi et al 1998, pg 31). The questioning nature of this investigation however aimed to have a perspective of realism recognising that research questions can be interpreted quite differently. With Fisher et al (2004) commenting that the subjective nature of research and the inevitable role of values in it should be considered carefully. A primary attribute of realism is that it is common for researchers findings to complement existing explanations. Using this philosophy and drawing on existing presumptions and assessments, the author is able to validate which can be transferred easily. The TEIQUE survey was the ideal as its philosophy and theme married well to the concept of realism and positivism. As the developer of the survey does take the following notion working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be the derivation of law like generalisations, similar to those produced by the natural sciences (Remenyi et al, 1998). However as this investigation is one of very few in the construction industry, the realism aspect is emphasised as the appropriate philosophy. With this form of study often brandished as fuzzy, the pre-existing frameworks in Networks Rails organisation alongside networks, concepts, hypothesis and theories (Czeller, 2003) are used to create theoretical predications concerning peoples experiences (Bryman and Bell, 2003). 2.3 Research Approach An inductive approach is appropriate due to the perspective of theory being the outcome of research (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The deductive approach has been disregarded subject to criticism due to the nature of the methodology being rigid, and the inability to construct any alternative explanations. The author wishes to build on the current body of knowledge. With concepts explored such as; ? The relationship between self perceived emotional intelligence and leaders in an organisation. ? The possibility of traits of emotional intelligence in junior, middle and senior management varying. ? The gaps in this trait analysis to form recommendations for a review of the leadership framework at Network Rail. Thus implementing research methods that can build understandings on these current theories was fitting. However if new issues and understandings arose then they can still be discussed and placed within context. 2.4 Data Collection Methods The data collection method applied was a questionnaire. The advantages and disadvantages of using this research method discussed further on in the chapter. The single method approach was chosen as it incorporated complementary research, with a questionnaire that is tried and tested in many organisational environments. The TEIQUE questionnaire was aimed at three groups of management in the infrastructure investment arm of Network Rail. The groups were junior, middle and senior management. The data collection commenced during the early parts of June, with 100 papers based surveys being administered by the author. The distribution of the questionnaire aimed for a 60% response rate with an even split of junior, middle and senior management. The potential issue is that as Network Rail is a pyramid organisation, the number of senior and middle management is far fewer than junior, and thus could be reflected in the response split. To avoid this happening, more surveys have been distributed specifically to senior and middle management, as they would be more inclined to ignore surveys due to time commitments. 2.5 Justification of questionnaires The use of an emotional intelligence survey and short questionnaire was down to two major reasons. Initially in order to carry out an emotional intelligence test successfully, the participant had to meet certain criterion which was driven from the literature review and forums that the author attended (see appendix for f